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In this lab, we will look at several separate technologies that are used with According to the Apache web server to install, configure and run web applicationssamba.org website:
The basic purpose ''"Samba is the standard Windows interoperability suite of the Apache web server is to serve text pages, images, programs for Linux and other static filesUnix. You can format those web-pages to appear niceSamba is Free Software licensed under the GNU General Public License, but they would lack dynamic functionality (i.e. the ability to change colors or font-size when Samba project is a member of the mouse moves over a link, button, etc). In other words using Apache web-server as a sole application would not make your web-pages more interestingSoftware Freedom Conservancy."''
If we want to add more Although a Samba server can provide many features for our web-page (eg. dynamic functionalitysuch as printer sharing and backups, security, e-commerce, etc), your webserver would need additional help. To provide additional help requires several resources - more than just the web this lab's primary focus is to set up a Samba server on a Linux server itself. A popular acronym in order to represent these foundations and servers is referred allow MS Windows users to as '''LAMP'''. It stands for '''share common files from the Linux''', '''Apache''', '''MySQL''', and '''PHP''' (or ''Python'')s Samba server.
In your previous OPS235 courseThis lab will first install, your second assignment may have required you setup , and enable a similar series of services in order to run a Wiki on one of your virtual machinesSamba server. In this lab, we Then users will set up another example of a '''"LAMP solution"''' that will allow access files on the user to run webmail in a web-browser to send Linux Samba server from Linux and Windows client machines (both graphically and receive e-mail messagescommand line).
[[Image:lamp.png|thumb|right|300px|To provide additional help make your web resource more dynamic === Online Resources===* (for web apps such as webmail) several services are also required. A popular acronym to represent these foundations and servers is referred to as '''LAMP'''. It stands for '''Linux''', '''Apache''', '''MySQL''', and '''PHP''' (or ''Python'').<br><br>Image by Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian,<br>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28224098Course Notes on Samba Server)<br>(via: *[http://creativecommonswww.orgtomsitpro.com/licensesarticles/bylinux-sa/3.0 Commons Attributionserver-configuration-guide-book-excerpt,2-777-Share Alike 32.0]) html Samba Server Setup](Simple setup guide for samba server]
* (Course Notes on <ol><li value="6">Confirm the user you created has been added using the Apache Web Server)* [httpfollowing command:<br>'''pdbedit -L -v'''</li><li>Test and review your configuration with the command:<br>'''testparm'''</wwwli><li>Use the '''systemctl''' command to start the smb.hitmill.comservice and enable the service to run on boot-up</computersli><li>Since we set SELinux to enforcing, we will need to tell it to allow samba access to home directories: '''setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs 1'''</apacheli><li>Use the '''ss -nautp''' command to see with port Samba is running on.htm Apache Resources]* [http:</li><li>Use the information in the previous step to modify the firewall on VM2 machine to allow samba traffic.</wwwli><li>Test to see that you can connect to your Samba server (locally) by issuing the following command:<br>'''smbclient -U <yourSenecaID> -L 127.liquidweb0.com0.1'''</kbli><li>When prompted, enter your Samba account password.</howli><li>The output from that issued command show appear similar to example displayed below:</li></ol> Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- --to-install-apache-on-centos-7/ Installing Apache Webserver on Centos7 home Disk Your Name IPC$ IPC IPC Service ("Your Name") Domain=[WORKGROUP]* OS=[http://wwwWindows 6.w3schools1] Server=[Samba 4.com/php/default2.asp PHP Tutorial3] (w3schools.com)* [http Server Comment ------ ------- WorkGroup Master --------- ------ <ol><li value="13">To access the Samba client shell on your local Samba share, issue the following command:<br>'''smbclient '\\127.0.0.1\home' -U <yourSenecaID>'''</li><li>Enter your Samba account password.</wwwli><li>Issue the help command to note common commands (''dir'', ''cd'', ''ls'', ''put'', ''get'').w3schoolsNote how similar they are to ''sftp'' commands.com</sqlli><li>Enter '''exit''' to terminal your local Samba session.</ MySQL li></ SQL Language Resources] (w3schools.com)ol>
== INVESTIGATION 1: SETTING UP A LAMP SOLUTION ==You can use smbclient to access, browse and share files within other Linux and Windows servers using a variety of tools which will be demonstrated in Investigations 2 and 3.
=== Install'''Record steps, Configure & Run a Webserver (Apache) ===commands, and your observations in INVESTIGATION 1 in your OPS335 lab log-book'''
Next we need to install, configure and run a webserver on one of our Linux VMs.==INVESTIGATION 2: CONNECTING TO A LINUX SMB SERVER FROM A LINUX CLIENT==
{{Admon/tip |Apache Webserver Resources|Apache web-server configuration can be a very complex topic (covering an entire course!). Although In this lab focuses only on one small application investigation you will explore some of a web-server, you can refer to the following link different ways to refer to additional configuration help: [http://www.hitmill.com/computers/apache.htm Apache Resources]access a shared directory from a Linux client machine (VM1).}}
'''Perform the following steps:'''=== Installing and Using smbclient ===
#Make certain you are in your '''VM1''' machine.
#Install the Apache package (the name of the package is: '''httpd''').
#Start the httpd service, and enable this service to start automatically upon system startup.
#Using a text browser such as lynx on vm1 go to localhost. You should get the "Fedora Test Page" which indicates your web server is running on the local virtual machine.
#Make certain to configure your firewall to allow access to the httpd service (i.e. the Apache serves HTTP traffic which goes over TCP port '''80''') and to update the firewall_restore script to include it.
#Open a web-browser in your '''host''' machine and enter the following URL: '''vm1.youruserid.org'''.<br />If you setup your Apache webserver correctly, you should be able to view the Apache Test page.
#Although we will not be exploring webservers in depth, we will have you create a simple webpage for testing purposes, then later setup a web resource for webmail.
#The term '''DocumentRoot''' specifies where the Apache webserver will search for documents to serve. Create the file '''index.html''' in your '''DocumentRoot''' directory with the following contents (replace the date with the current one):<br><source>Hello, this is a web page on vm1.yourid.org and the current time is Mar 28 22:16:27 EDT 2016!</source>
<ol><li value="9">If you refresh your web-browser page in your browser, you should see the contents of your ''index.html'' document. If you wish, you can specify the filename index.html in the address, but it is not necessary, since the file index.html is automatically loaded by default when the URL refers to that directory containing that file.</li></ol>
{{Admon/tip |Using #Install the '''index.htmlsamba-client''' file|It is considered to be a "best practice" to create and '''index.htmlcifs-utils''' files for newly-created subdirectories within packages.#Use the "smbclient" command in a terminal window.<source> smbclient '\\vm2\home''DocumentRoot''' (or users' '''public_html''' directories) -U <yourSenecaID></source>#After entering your password you should get a prompt similar to:<source> smb: \></source>#Enter the ls command to force see a display list of a web-page, instead of viewing the directories "index" listing of files in your home directory:<source> smb: \> ls</source>#Once you have access to the directory use the get and put commands (from "curious eyes"similar to ftp): that is why to move files.#When you are finished close the name of the file is called connection.# Try again using '''[homes]'''"index.html"share instead<source> smbclient '\\vm2\homes'.}}-U <yourSenecaID></source>
<ol><li value="10">Refresh your web-page by issuing the keycombination: == Using '''ctrlmount -rt cifs'''. Notice that the time doesn't change as you refresh the page. This indicates that the page is static (not dynamic) indicating that the page does not change (i.e. boring!).</li></ol>===
=== Creating a PHP Script ===Instead of always having to use the smbclient command to connect to your network share, you can have the share automatically mounted upon your file server boot-up.
In order to allow us to run a webserver application in a web-browser, we need a scripting language that will allow the web-browser to function dynamically (i.e. being able to change frequently, as opposed to being "static" or unchanging). In this section, we will demonstrate how a scripting language (PHP) can be used for the web-browser to react in a more dynamic fashion.
{{Admon/tip |PHP Scripting Language|PHP code is considered to be a language that runs on the web-server (i.e. "server-side programming"). PHP code can be embedded in an HTML document (HTML code), and use the resources on the "server-side" to make the web document or resource more dynamic (eg. database access, etc). Although it is not '''Perform the purpose of this course to learn about and create PHP documents, here is a quick resource following steps on PHP: [http://www.w3schools.com/php/default.asp PHP Tutorial]}}your VM1'''
#Copy the '''index.html''' file to '''index.php''' and modify it to contain:<br><source>Hello, this is a web page on vm1.yourid.org and the current time is <?php system("date"); ?>!</source>
<ol><li value="2">On your host machine, again refresh your web-browser. Notice Note that in a web browser the ''index.php'' file isn't treated as a default page and the contents don't contain the date, but instead are displaying the text in the php code you entered into the index.php file (refer to above code).</li><li>The reason this occurs is that tool would leave the PHP interpreter hasn't been installed on your vm by default.</li><li>Install directory mounted until the php package on your vm1 machine, and restart your webserver. NOTE: The php package comes with a working default Apache configuration so you don't need to enable rebooted or it was manuallyunmounted.</li><li>Refresh It would also allow other users access to the webpage for your web-browser on your host machine. You should now notice that you see the date instead directory, as it effectively became part of the call local filesystem. It could even be added to the date command. Refresh your webpage several times fstab to see how the time changes. This is simply a "trivial example" of dynamic web content does it does provide a simple demonstration of how scripting languages can be used to create more dynamic webpagesmounted on boot (though this would require another configuration file we don't cover).</li></ol>
For security, it is important to allow access to general areas Instead of accessing your webpagefile share via CLI, but you can also limit connect, navigate and access to other sub-directories that contain other webpages or documents. Penetration Tester or hackers may be able to navigate your file systems within your html directory to obtain unauthorised informationshare via a graphical application such as a file browser or a web-browser.
There are many common-sense safeguards, such as creating an index.html file in your default directory that will display a webpage instead of '''Perform the directory index. On the other hand, there are also safeguards that you can setup to provide additional protection to your data following steps on your web server.HOST machine:'''
# As the root user on your gateway/host, try to forward incoming http connections that arrive on your host to the web server on vm1. Use an iptables command something like this:<br><source>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i *yourinterface* -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.X.2</source>
# You will also need to create a rule in the FORWARD chain in the default table to accept connections to port 80.
# To test this setup you'll need to ask a classmate on another PC to try to use a browser to view your web page. That person will have to enter your host's external interface IP number in their browser's address window. Have that person view both '''index.html''' and '''index.php'''
# Create a new directory inside your '''DocumentRoot''' and move index.php inside it.
# Have your partner view both files again.<br><br>You will now modify the settings on the web-server to prevent machines outside our network from accessing the private directory.<br><br>
# Add the following directory statement to your apache configuration (making sure to replace the X with your own network octet):<source>
<Directory "/var/www/html/private">
AllowOverride None
Require ip 192.168.X.0/24
</Directory>
</source>
This sets up separate rules and access permissions :You can also use a web browser with support for that subdirectory. Your partner should no longer be able to access any pages in the private directory SMB protocol such as Konqueror (or any sub-directories of it), but your other internal machines (including your hostNote that firefox does not have such support) should still have access.
We complete the last piece of the puzzle by installing, configuring and running a database server to support your webmail application that will be installed and setup in a later lab.
MySQL is used to allow storage '''Record steps, commands, and retrieval of structured data. SQL is a command language (used by scripting languages such as PHP) to allow programmers to access databases contained within a server (or other servers via a network) to be used within webyour observations from this INVESTIGATION in your OPS335 lab log-based applications via the web-browser.book'''
We won't spend much time learning the details of MySQL configuration but you need a basic server set up. You may remember when setting up MySQL from OPS235 - it is basically the same concept.==INVESTIGATION 3: CONNECTING TO A SAMBA SERVER FROM A WINDOWS CLIENT==
{{Admon/tip |MySQL / SQL Language Resources|Again, MySQL can be This investigation will configure your VM2 machine to act as a complex topic: Seneca has an entire course that concentrates on using SQL commands! Here is a link Samba File server to allow Windows OS Users access to MySQL / SQL Language resources: [http://www.w3schools.com/sql/ MySQL / SQL Language Resources]the Linux Samba server files.}}
'''Perform the following steps:'''===Accessing Files on a Linux Samba Server via Windows Explorer ===
#Install '''mariadb-With some additional "tweaking" to your Linux Samba server'''.<br /><br /> The MySQL and MariaDB are actually two <u>separate</u> projects run by different groups, yet they are compatible; thereforeconfiguration file, you can use documentation from one should be able to configure the other. <br><br>#'''NOTE:''' When installing mariadb, make certain access files on that you have not just the '''client''' but also the '''server software'''.#When you start the MySQL service, check the system log file for instructions regarding how to set the root password. Even though we will not configure our MySQL service to be accessible over from a Windows machine on the same network, it is accepted as a "best practice" configuring for network access for each MySQL installation.#Note that the MySQL service has two root passwords:<ul><li>For the localhost</li><li>For external requests</li></ul>#Refer to the log file to learn how to run the two commands in order to generate the appropriate passwords.<br><br>NOTE: Use a password you make up yourself, but do <u>not</u> generate a secret password, since you You will be storing that password in creating a plain text file Samba share for later reference.#Start the service and ensure that it will start automatically every time the machine bootsyour home directory of your regular user account.
=== Test Connection to MySQL Database Server ==='''Perform the following tasks:'''
While # Make certain that your '''VM2''' machine is running, is still allowing samba traffic through the web server (with php)firewall, and MySQL server may be working individuallyis still running the samba service.# If you are using a drive in the removable bay, we need power up a Windows system in the lab and login. If you are using a USB SSD drive, use the Windows machine you are already on.# Add the prerouting and forwarding rules to your host's iptables necessary to ensure that they can connect redirect samba traffic from outside your network to each otheryour VM 2. Since this test will involve storing # Modify the database password in a plain-text html file, we want hosts allow setting on your '''vm2''' to make sure no one else can access italso accept connections from the windows machine you are using.# Open the Windows File Explorer application.# At the top of the application, enter the following:<br>'''\\IPADDR_OF_HOST_MACHINE\home'''
'''Perform the following steps:'''{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
# Modify the Directory statement for your private directory to prevent any machine other than your vm1 from accessing it.|- valign="top"# Re-start the web-server and try to access the page from another machine. Make sure that you can '''not''' do so before you continue.|# Install the '''php[[Image:samba-mysql''' module so that the installation of php your web server is using can execute sql statementslogin. png|thumb|right|300px|You will have to restart the service after installing it.#Modify the index.php page in your private directory to match the code below. This will test that your web server can connect to the database be prompted (replace once only) for the Samba user, -name and password, and database with values appropriate for your '''VM2''' machine):<br><source><?php$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "user", "password", "database");. ]]if ($mysqli->connect_errno) {| echo "Failed to connect to MySQL[[Image: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqlisamba3->connect_error;}echo $mysqlimap->host_info drive. "\n";?></source>#Once that page shows png|thumb|right|300px|You can create a successful connection on your VM ('''Localhost via UNIX socketmapped network drive (z:)'''for your Linux Samba server network share) this step is complete.]]|}
To be completed by an instructor who uses in-class submissions.==EXPLORATION QUESTIONS==
==EXPLORATION QUESTIONS==
→Using 'mount -t cifs'
[[Category:OPS335]][[Category:OPS335 Labs]]
== OBJECTIVE & PREPARATION==
==INVESTIGATION 1: INSTALLING & CONFIGURING A SAMBA SERVER= Online Resources= In this investigation, we will set up a '''Samba server''' on our '''VM2''' machine. We will first install, configure and enable the samba server on our virtual machine, and then we will quickly test to see if the Samba server works. '''Perform the following steps:''' #Make certain that both your '''VM1''' and '''VM2''' machines are running.#Switch to your '''VM2''' machine as the '''root''' user.#Issue the following Linux command to install Samba server utlity:<br>'''yum install samba samba-client'''<br>#Copy the file '''/etc/samba/smb.conf''' to another filename by issuing the following command:<br>'''cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.original'''#Clear the contents of the configuration file by running '''cat /dev/null > /etc/samba/smb.conf'''#Edit '''/etc/samba/smb.conf''' so that the file that contains the following lines: [global] workgroup =WORKGROUP server string ="put your real name here without the quotes" encrypt passwords = yes security = user passdb backend = tdbsam [home] comment = "put your real name here without the quotes" path = /home/<yourSenecaID> public = no writable = yes printable = no create mask = 0765 [homes] comment = automatic home share public = no writable = yes printable = no create mask = 0765 browseable = no<ol><li value="3">Append (add) the following parameter to the bottom of the '''[global] section''' that will limit access to the share so that only machines in your virtual network will be able to access it:</li></ol> hosts allow = 192.168.x. 127.0.0.1<ol><li value="4">Append (add) the following parameter to the '''[home] section''' so that only your user account can access that share:</li></ol> valid users = <yourSenecaID><ol><li value="5">Create a Samba account and password for yourSenecaID by issuing the following command:<br>'''smbpasswd -a <yourSenecaID>'''</li></ol> {{Admon/tip|Changing Existing Samba Account Passwords|If you need to change a user's existing Samba account password, you can issue the following command as root: '''smbpasswd username'''.}}
'''Perform the following steps on your VM1'''
Did it work even though you didn't specify '''path=/home/<yourSenecaID>''' under '''[homes]'''?
<br /><br />
Note that this tool only gave temporary access with a limited set of commands.
#Issue the following commands to create a mount-point and to mount your home directory from your vm2 machine:<source> mkdir /tmp/vm2-home mount -t cifs //vm2/home /tmp/vm2-home -o username=<yourSenecaID> ls /tmp/vm2-home</source>#Create a file in that directory, then switch to '''vm2''' to confirm that it was created.#Use umount on '''Perform the following steps:vm1'''to unmount that directory.
=== Controlling Access Using Nautilus to Pages browse Samba shares ===
#Install the '''Perform samba-client''' and '''cifs-utils''' packages.#Use the "Places" menu from the desktop and open 'Browse Network'.#From the menu in the side-bar of the files tool, choose 'Other Locations'. #In the following stepsbar titled 'Connect to Server' enter '''smb://vm2/home'''as the location, and enter your samba password in the prompt<br>(Where vm2 is the name of the server, and home is the name of the directory it is sharing).#After you have checked that you can access your files, unmount the share by right-clicking its icon in the side-bar and clicking 'Unmount'.
<ol><li value=== Install"6">If Konqueror is not installed then install it with the command: <source> yum install kdebase</source></li><li>Start Konqueror, the web/file browser, and in the address bar enter the following:<br>'''smb://vm2/home'''</li><li>Enter your username and password when prompted.</li><li>Double click on a file you have some text in.</li><li>Open it with gedit, make some changes, Configure and Run MySQL Database Server ===save it.</li><li>When prompted, choose to upload the file.</li><li>Close Konqueror.</li><li>cat the file on your VM2 to ensure the changes were properly uploaded.</li></ol>
<ol><li value="5"> You will be prompted to enter your samba username and password (one time only). Refer to diagram on right.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' It may take approximately 30 seconds to display the file contents.<br><br></li><li>Were you successful? You should have now established received an error stating the your credentials are incorrect. You will notice that it adds SENEDS to the beginning of your user name, as the web server Seneca machine is able pre-configured to be part of that workgroup.</li><li>Change the workgroup parameter in smb.conf on VM2 to match the seneca domain SENEDS, and try to connect again.</li><li>Were you successful? If not, try to run code troubleshoot the problem first, then ask your lab assistant or instructor for assistance.</li><li>Close the Windows File Explorer application window.</li><li>Click on the '''START''' menu, and click on '''This PC'''.</li><li>Click on the Map Network Drive button, and create a '''mapped network drive''' (called it drive '''Z:''') which can interract with is a Samba share of your VM2 machine for the databasehome directory. This will allow dynamic pages </li><li>When finished, click on '''Network''' in Windows file manager to confirm that the network share is present.</li><li>Try to create a file on Windows on your Linux Samba machine. Were you able to create a save a file?</li><li>Switch to make use of information stored there when providing resources your VM2 machine and check to see if that file was created in your usershome directory.</li></ol>
{{Admon/important |Backup your VMs!|You MUST perform a '''full backup''' of ALL of your VMs whenever you complete your '''OPS335 labs''' or when working on your '''OPS335 assignments'''. You should be using the dump command, and you should use the Bash shell script that you were adviced to create in order to backup all of your VMs.}}
'''Record steps, commands, and your observations on from this investigation INVESTIGATION in your OPS335 lab log-book'''
== COMPLETING THE LAB ==In completing this lab you have gained experience using a service that allows remote access to files stored on a Linux server. You now have also learned how to use several different tools to access those files, both from a complete LAMP stack Linux and could host a variety of web-pages that could include dynamically generated content and database accessWindows client..
'''Depending on your professor you will either be asked to submit the lab in class, or online. Follow the appropriate set of instructions below.'''
===Online Submission (Peter Callaghan's Classes only)===
Follow the instructions for lab 5 on moodleblackboard. ===In Class Submission (Murray Saul's Classes only)==='''Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:'''
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Proof of network share of VM2 machine from Windows VM via Windows Explorer application::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Firewall settings on your Windows VM to allow Linux Samba network share::<span style=In Class Submission=="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Display contents of '''/etc/samba/smb.conf''' file on VM2 machine::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Firewall exceptions (both machines) to allow Samba traffic::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span>Download the labcheck5.bash checking bash shell script by issuing the command:<br><br>'''wget http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~peter.callaghan/files/OPS335/labcheck5.bash'''<br><br>set execute permission and run the shell script on your '''c7hosthost''' machine.
::*For '''Peter's classes''', follow his Online Submission instructions in Moodle.
::*For '''Murray's classes''', run command the bash script on host and vm2 (piping to the '''more''' command) and show output to instructor.
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span>Completed Lab5 log-book notes.
# What does the term LAMP SMB stand for?#What does CIFS stand for? Briefly describe the purpose of each of the following items in LAMP.# What is the major difference between a static web document and a dynamic documentpurpose of the '''testparm''' command?# What does the term text inside square brackets in the '''smb.conf''' file mean? (e.g., "server-side programming[home]" mean?).# What is Explain the purpose meaning of creating and using an indexthe line "create mask = 0765" in the smb.html conf file?# What is does the purpose of creating and using an index.php file'''smbpasswd''' command do?
