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Parallel computing used to be largely confined to High Performance Computing (HPC), system architectures designed to handle high speed and density calculations. When thinking of HPC, supercomputers are generally the types of machines that come to mind. Parallel programming became a significant sub-field in computer science by the late 1960s, and most of the compute-intensive processing was happening on supercomputers that employed multiple physical CPUs on nodes with their respective memory, sitting in blades (or “racks”container/case for the nodes) within racks/cabinets, and networked together in a hybrid-memory model. [[File:Supercomputer anatomy.PNG|thumb|left|1300px|Anatomy of a supercomputer <br/> Source: https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.764059.1600688458!/PDC_Pub_posters_20200101_supercomputer_basics_lres.pdf]] <br clear=all/>

He left in 1972 to form Cray Research and in 1975, announced his own supercomputer, the Cray-1. It was one of the most powerful and most successful supercomputer in history , being the first to successfully implement the vector processor design, and was used until the late 1980s.

Fast forward to the 2000s, which saw a huge boom in the number of processors working in parallel, with numbers upward in the tens of thousands. Such examples in the evolution in parallel computing, High Performance Computing, and multi-core systems include the fastest supercomputer today, which is being Japan's Fugakuwhich was jointly developed by RIKEN and Fujitsu. It boasts an impressive 7.3 million cores, all of which are, for the first time in a supercomputer, ARM-based. It uses a hybrid-memory model and a new network architecture that provides higher cohesion among all the nodes. The success of the new system is a radical paradigm-shift from the departure of traditional supercomputing towards that of ARM-powered systems. It is also proof the designers wanted to highlight that HPC still has much room for improvement and innovation.[[File:Fugaku.jpg|thumb|left|Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FugakuSupercomputerSC19.jpg/220px-FugakuSupercomputerSC19.jpg]][[File:ARM-architecture.jpg|thumb|right|420px|Source: https://www.watelectronics.com/wp-content/uploads/ARM-Architecture.jpg]]<br clear=all/> == Multi-core products in the commercial market == === Multi-core in server systems === In the early 2000's, the progress of single-core processor development was starting to diminish. As mentioned above, they faced issues such as high power consumption, which also resulted in excessive heat. There were many companies running power hungry servers, who wanted to lower the cost of operations from electricity and cooling. This is where IBM, a top company in the workplace server market today, made a big name for themselves. In 2001, IBM was the first company to release a dual-core processor for UNIX systems on the market. They called it the IBM POWER4, and was released as part of their eServer lineup as the pSeries IBM Regatta. Regatta was able to put IBM in the spotlight for data centers and large enterprises and was advertised as having "twice the performance for half the cost". They iterated more on the POWER series of processors, and in 2010, expanded the number of cores available from 2 to 8 with the release of the POWER7.

Since multicore systems offered a lot The invention and implementation of extra processing power compared to the output of a single multi-core processor, many companies were leaping at the opportunity was crucial to gain more power for their servers at the timeIBM’s success as we see today. To capitalize on this, IBM started During the development of the first dual-core processor on POWER4 in the mid 90s, IBM had a marketshare of 15 percent, which became available on the market was the IBM POWER4 in 2001. It became highly successful with other companies such as Sun and gave IBM HP taking a very strong foothold in the industry when sold as part large percentage of their eServer pSeries server, the IBM Regattamarket. They iterated more on By 2010, with the POWER series release of multiple iterations of processorstheir multi-core products, and they had become a leader in 2010, expanded the number of cores available from 2 to 8 market with the release a share of the POWER745 percent.

While IBM was dominating the market for server CPUs, there was still a hole in the market for integrating multicore into desktop computers“The analyst community told us it literally blew their socks off. In may of 2015, AMD was the first company a very short time we went from last place to release a dual-core desktop CPU, the Athlon 64 x2industry leader. With the cheapest in the line being $500 and the most powerful being $1000” – Carrie Altieri, It did not quite match vice president of communications for IBM’s “twice the performance for half the cost”. However, they were still another large innovation in the industry by AMD, and a top competitor for the highest power CPU on the market.Systems Technology Group

[[File:Intel coreduo amd athlon.JPG|500px|thumb|Left| Left:Intel Core 2 Duo Right:AMD Athlon 64X2]] Intel released Core series was also the first Intel processor used as the main CPU in an Apple Macintosh computer on January 2006. The Core Duo was the CPU for the first-generation MacBook Pro, while the Core Solo appeared in Apple's Mac Mini line. Core Duo signified the beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across the entire Mac line.   The successor to Core is the mobile version of the Intel Core 2 line of processors using cores based upon the Intel Core microarchitecture, released on July 27, 2006. The release of the mobile version of Intel Core 2 marked the reunification of Intel's desktop and mobile product lines as Core 2 processors were released for desktops and notebooks. The Core 2 architecture hit a wide range of devices, but Intel needed to produce something less expensive for the ultra-low-budget and portable markets. This led to the creation of Intel's Atom between 2008 and 2009, which used a 26mm2 die, less than one-fourth the size of the first Core 2 dies.