Changes

-- Get into overview of evolution of web technologies. HTML 4, HTML5, CSS, JavaScript. Include user-supplied content (wikis) and the like (Flickr, social media). Concern about web site accessibility has been growing steadily since the mid 90s (Kane, pg 2). WCAG 1 was for static web sites, now dynamic sites are much more common. Much more involving technologies. WCAG 1 was HTML specific though WCAG 2 is technology neutral. Subjective definitions of WCAG 1 posed issues for testability (Reid pg 109). 4 Criteria (Reid 110, Sydik):PresentableObservableUnderstandableRobustness 3 levels: A, AA, AAA based on possibility, applicability, reasonability, limitations imposed and existence of workarounds. Levels build on each other (A must be met to be AA, AA must be met to be AAA). 65 total checkpoints (Reid pg 110). Despite a large amount of work into legislation, authoring tools, assistive technology development and best practice identification. Large lack of awareness despite efforts of the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). WAI developed Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and the User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) and Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG). (Sloan, pg 122) Standard-adherence is important to screen readers as pointed out by Horton, Reid. Standard adoption is similar to industrial revolution standardization of nail/screw sizes, though difficulty is analogous to having living-room plays, gym recitals, small theatre productions and grand operas all appear one after another on same stage (Kreps, pg 2). Mentions though that the artisans who yielded control in Industrial gave up easier than Microsoft has (Kreps, pg 3), and that W3C publishes "recommendations" rather than "standards". WCAG took nearly 8 years to come out • Initial Draft Jan 25 2001 - http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/WD-WCAG20-20010125/ • Final Draft Dec 12 2008 - http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/ (Reid, pg 113) Accessible Rich Internet Application (ARIA) • Modernized, Extension of XHTML • Defines mechanism for mapping custom UI controls to native OS accessibility frameworks • Defines "role" attribute for all elements • "State" and "Property" attributes that can be mapped to accessibility APIS (onMenuOpen, etc) • Keyboard focus (extends tabindex) • Notification of changes by defining events • Limited support (NEED UP TO DATE INFO, ONLY LISTS FF3, "upcoming IE8") ○ IE8 more standards compliant and accessible http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2009/01/16/accessibility-improved-aria-support-in-the-ie8-rc.aspx ○ GoogleReader http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/03/aria-for-google-reader-in-praise-of.html ○ Firefox 3.5, 4 ongoing as standard changes § http://www.marcozehe.de/2009/06/26/new-accessibility-features-in-firefox-3-5/ § http://www.marcozehe.de/2010/10/04/new-in-accessibility-in-firefox-4-0/ ○ Webkit (Safari, Chrome) http://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/?<pstyle=454, http'margin://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/aria0in;font-tests/ARIA-Safari-RoleTests280909.html ARIA STANDARDS CHANGED OVER TIME WHILE FINALIZING. FF CHANGED WITH STANDARDS, WEBKIT ADOPTED LATE, IE ADOPTED MIDDLE. STILL NOT FINALIZED (httpfamily://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WDCalibri;font-wai-aria-20080204/ = Initial, httpsize://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-wai-aria-20100916/ = Most recent)11.0pt'><span Above Aria adoption is not alone, HTML5 adoption is similarly sporadic across browsers • IE has no html5 until IE9 (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/ie/ff468705.aspx) • Firefox ○ Had canvas since 2005 (Gecko 1.8 aka FF1.5) https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Canvas_tutorial) ○ Had video since 2007 (Gecko 1.9.1 aka FF 3.5) https://developer.mozilla.org/En/Using_audio_and_video_in_Firefox Factor in browser usability statistics (Kreps, pg 4), but NEEDS UP TO DATE INFO, DATED 2008 (All below from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers) • NetApplication (40,000 sites, unique visitors) http://marketshare.hitslink.com/browser-market-share.aspx?qpridstyle=0 • W3Counter (last 15,000 non'font-unique views) httpweight://www.w3counter.com/globalstats.php • StatCounter (3,000,000 sites, #hits (not unique)) httpbold'>Thesis statement:<//gs.statcounter.com/span> &quot;With the internet ○ Can drill by region/country. Huge differences between US becoming increasingly diverse and EU • W3Schools Counter http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_stats.asp • StatOwl (USA only) http://www.statowl.com/web_browser_market_share.php • Wikimedia visitors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers#Wikimedia_.28April_2009_to_present.29 "Indeed their victory over Microsoft and Netscape in the Browser Wars of the mid-late 1990s was something achieved rather through the vigorous lobbying of external organisations such as the Web Standards Project, (WaSP 1998) formed pervasive to enable web developers to avoid the increasingly necessary expense of creating multiple versions of their websites individually tailored to increasingly different browsers." (Krepsour daily lives, 3).how well areAlmost presents same issue again that occurred in mid 90s which caused W3C to define standards/recommendations in place of IE and Netscape, except coding for various implementations of client technologies (goes back to User Agent Accessibility Guidelines). WHAT GOOD IS TECHNOLOGY IF CAN'T RELY ON IT'S USAGE? WHY PUT EFFORT INTO DEVELOPMENT? Development of a product is further refined as recommendations from the W3C or other bodies are adopted into legislation by state bodies. "WCAG has also been used as a model for accessibility legislation, such as in the Section 508 guidelines for US government web sites [34]." (Kane, 149) Numerous State bodies have passed binding legislation with regards able to WCAG (Sydik, 292-297)State BodyLegislationScopeInformationAustraliaDisability Discrimintation ActPublic/Private Sectorhttp://hreoc.gov.au/disability_rights/dda_guide.htmCanadaCanadian Human Rights Act, Ontario Human Rights Code. All sites keep up with WCAG 2 AAAccepted to be Private (Human Rights) Public (WCAG)http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/clf2-nsi2/  http://www.zvulony.com/accessibility.htmlEUeInclusionNone (many member states have legislation for public/private sector)http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/einclusionJapanJapan Industrial Standard (JIS) X 8341-3Non-legal, considered best practicehttp://www.mitsue.co.jp/english/column/backnum/20040625.htmlUKDisability Discrimination Act  Special Educational Needs technology and Disability ActeachPublic/Private  Educationhttp://www.drc-gb.org/PDF/CoP_Access.pdf (Kane, 149)UNConvention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities100 member nationshttp://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/ http://www.nomensa.com/resources/research/united-nations-global-audit-of-accessibility.htmlUSSection 508Publichttp://www.section508.gov/ Further Law Info can be found at WebAIM World Laws (http://www.webaim.org/articles/laws/world/) BUT HOW DOES ALL OF THIS AFFECT ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY AND WEB SITESother? Dexter Hypertext Model Overview (Dodd, pg 4)Document may be atom (single page) of Composite component.Anchor - Link between documents. Can be scriptable, determinable at run time (issue for screen readers?) The Dexter Model is formally expressed as three distinct layers as shown in Figure 2 below&quot; the relevant items from Figure 2 are listed for each layer. (Dodd, pg 5)</p>

<p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> Figure 2 – The three layer Dexter Model <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>-- Get into overviewof evolution of web technologies. HTML 4, HTML5, CSS, JavaScript. Include"Each Component within user-supplied content (wikis) and the Dexter Model is associated with a Presentation Specification. The Presentation Specification describes how an individual component should be rendered to the user." like (DoddFlickr, pg 5social media).</p> Design<p style='margin:0in;font-wise this is accomplished through CSS, but User Agentfamily:Calibri;font-wise this means updating CSS interpretations within the browser and releasing new browser versions. This is reliant on standardssize:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> Many automated tools exist to test, though false positives are potential<p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11. WebXACT (aka Bobby) and Cynthia Says are two common WCAG 1.0 testers. FAE tests modification of this to both WCAG and Section 508 (US only) legislations. Alt Text on images is commonly flagged, but is alt text significant on space0pt'>Concern<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>about<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>web<span style='mso-holding images? WebInSight tries to mitigate this error. (Kane, 151).spacerun:yes'> </span>site<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>accessibility<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> Of the 778 sites tested by Kreps, a vast majority had many many issues. Were outright invalid or were not up to standard </span>has<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>been<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>growing<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>steadily since the mid 90s (KrepsKane, 6pg 2).</p> REFERENCES TO UNIVERSITY WEB SITE STUDIES (Kane , 149)<p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <25% of university home pages were passed by Bobby (Kane from Rowland, 149)p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>WCAG 1 was for77% of home pages or pages linked from were failed by Bobby from to p24 ranked info science universities in US (Kane from Schmetzkestatic web sites, 149)now dynamic sites are much more common.Much more involvingAutomated tools to test top 50 US schools, 15% failed in at least accessibility or usability tests, 35technologies. WCAG 1 was HTML specific though WCAG 2 is technology neutral.Subjective<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </50 failed span>definitions of WCAG Priority 1 (Kane from Zaphiris and Ellis, 149posedissues for testability (Reid pg 109).</p> Kane conducted self study on Times Top 100 Universities using multi<p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-method technique (Bobby and Cynthia scores combined, FAE kept separate)size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11. Only 2 were 100% WCAG 1 compliant 0pt'>4 Criteria (Bobby and CynthiaReid110, Sydik), while :</p> "Among <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Presentable</p> those <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Observable</p> countries <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Understandable</p> with 5 <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Robustness</p> or <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> more ranked universities<p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>3 levels: A, AA, universities in Australia contain the fewest average accessibility errorsAAAbased on possibility, followed by the United Kingdomapplicability, the United Statesreasonability, the Netherlands limitations imposed and France existence of workarounds. Levels build on each other (tieA must be met to be AA,AA must be met to be AAA), and Switzerland." 65 total checkpoints (Kane, 152Reid pg 110). Results found to be statistically significantly.</p> Table on 152 shows numbers, DO THESE COINCIDE WITH SCOPE OF LEGISLATION (PUBLIC<p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</PRIVATE VSp> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11. PRIVATE ONLY)? FOR THOSE THAT DO0pt'>Despite a largeamount of work into legislation, DOES RATE OF ADHERENCE COINCIDE WITH DURATION OF TIME SINCE LEGISLATION ENACTED authoring tools, assistive technologydevelopment and best practice identification. Large lack of awareness despiteefforts of the Web Accessibility Initiative (LESS INFRACTIONS FOR LONGER TIME ENACTEDWAI)?. WAI developed Web ContentAccessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and the User Agent Accessibility GuidelinesAside from markup itself, also worth noting is the additional implementation time of drafting and updating accessibility policies(UAAG) and Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG). Kane found less than half (46Sloan, pg 122)</100) sites had accessibility policies somewhere on the site, with a fifth (21p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</100) linked from the home pagep> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11. More overhead in 0pt'>Standard-adherence than simply markupis important to screen readers as pointed out by Horton, but promotes best practice: "Web sites that featured accessibility policies had statistically fewer accessibility violations than sites that did not have policies (Reid.</p > < p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.01) 0pt'>&nbsp;</p> Sites without policies averaged 5.36 P1<p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-P3 violations, while sites with policies averaged 3size:11.98 P10pt'>Standard adoption issimilar to industrial revolution standardization of nail/screw sizes, thoughdifficulty is analogous to having living-3 violations." room plays, gym recitals, smalltheatre productions and grand operas all appear one after another on same stage(KaneKreps, 154pg 2). Mentions though that the artisans who yielded control in "The issue of web accessibility has received a fair amount of attention in English-speaking countries such as the United StatesIndustrial gave up easier than Microsoft has (Kreps, Canada, the United Kingdompg 3), and Australiathat W3Cpublishes &quot;recommendations&quot; rather than &quot;standards&quot;. These sites </p> tend to have a somewhat higher level of accessibility<p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11. However, 0pt'>&nbsp;</p> universities in some non<p style='margin:0in;font-Englishfamily:Calibri;font-speaking size:11.0pt'><spanstyle='font-weight:bold'>WCAG took nearly 8 years to come out</span></p> countries have significantly less accessible web pages<ul type=disc style='margin-left:. 375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; It margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> is not clear from the present research what factors may cause this discrepancy in <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><spanweb site accessibility style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11. It seems that legislation may have 0pt'>Initial Draft Jan 25 2001 - </span><a limited positive effect on accessibility href="http://www.w3. org/TR/2001/WD-WCAG20-20010125/"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/WD-WCAG20-20010125/</span></a></li></ul> For example, web sites in the United <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; Kingdom, margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> where university web site accessibility is regulated, have some of the highest levels of accessibility<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11." (Kane, 154)0pt'>Final Draft Dec 12 2008 - </span><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/"><spanDodd identifies that other usability concerns crop up as a result of the very standard for web pages (HTML, based off Dexter Model) style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://www.w3. "As org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/</span></a simple example, the ordering of content in a list may need to vary between visual and audio design spaces></li></ul> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin: in text0in;font-tofamily:Calibri;font-speech environmentssize:11.0pt'>(Reid, the most important menu options may need to be listed first, but in a visual environment the menu may be required to be grouped more logically." pg 113)Accessible Rich Internet Application (Dodd, page 8ARIA)</p>This is a standard that is so long in evolution and entrenchment is so high that it is unlikely to change <ul type=disc style='margin-left:. "375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>HTML version 5 [8] is now out for discussion and, “intends to replace HTML 4 <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Modernized, Extension of XHTML 1.x, and DOM2 HTML </span></li></ul>specifications”" (Dodd from W3C, pg 10) Note that attributes and events can be used to provide synchronization (video<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.timeupdate event), but these require manual checking of the time every millisecond and is "forced synchronization"375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Defines mechanism for mapping custom UI controls to native OS accessibility frameworks</span></li>Even with standard adherence, accessibility is not guaranteed</ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:. Screenreaders evaluate DOM at load375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-time and can not reevaluate when changed at runtop:0in;margin-time through onbottom:0in'> <li style='margin-page scripts. "Screen reading application Jaws top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Defines &quot;role&quot; attribute for Windows [5] and VoiceOver [7], both fail to handle the dynamic page updates correctly on what is otherwise a trivial web pageall elements</span></li></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:." (Dodd, pg 9)375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>CONCLUSIONToo long an standardization time means continual adjusting or standards and implementations there of (ARIA, Firefox kept tweaking as standards) or non-implementation at all (IE held off on implementation).Too short can lead to short-sightedness, inflexibility and necessity to "go back to the drawing board" (WCAG 1 was narrow focused <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&quot;State&quot; and &quot;Property&quot; attributes that can be mapped to accessibility APIS (onMenuOpen, etc)</span></li></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Keyboard focus (extends tabindex)</span></li></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Notification of changes by defining events</span></li></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Limited support </span><span style='font-weight:bold;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>(NEED UP TO DATE INFO, ONLY LISTS FF3, &quot;upcoming IE8&quot;)</span></li> <ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-weight:bold;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>IE8 more standards compliant and accessible </span><a href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2009/01/16/accessibility-improved-aria-support-in-the-ie8-rc.aspx"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2009/01/16/accessibility-improved-aria-support-in-the-ie8-rc.aspx</span></a></li> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>GoogleReader </span><a href="http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/03/aria-for-google-reader-in-praise-of.html"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/03/aria-for-google-reader-in-praise-of.html</span></a></li> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Firefox 3.5, 4 ongoing as standard changes</span></li> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><a href="http://www.marcozehe.de/2009/06/26/new-accessibility-features-in-firefox-3-5/"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://www.marcozehe.de/2009/06/26/new-accessibility-features-in-firefox-3-5/</span></a></li> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><a href="http://www.marcozehe.de/2010/10/04/new-in-accessibility-in-firefox-4-0/"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://www.marcozehe.de/2010/10/04/new-in-accessibility-in-firefox-4-0/</span></a></li> </ul> </ul> <ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Webkit (Safari, Chrome) </span><a href="http://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/?p=454"><span style='font-family: Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/?p=454</span></a><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>, </span><a href="http://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/aria-tests/ARIA-Safari-RoleTests280909.html"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://www.paciellogroup.com/blog/aria-tests/ARIA-Safari-RoleTests280909.html</span></a></li> </ul></ul> <p style='margin:0in;margin-left:.75in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><spanstyle='font-weight:bold'>ARIA STANDARDS CHANGED OVER TIME WHILE FINALIZING. FFCHANGED WITH STANDARDS, WEBKIT ADOPTED LATE, IE ADOPTED MIDDLE. STILL NOTFINALIZED (</span><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-wai-aria-20080204/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/WD-wai-aria-20080204/</a>= Initial, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-wai-aria-20100916/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/WD-wai-aria-20100916/</a>= Most recent).</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Above Aria adoptionis not alone, HTML5 adoption is similarly sporadic across browsers</p> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>IE has no html5 until IE9 (</span><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/ie/ff468705.aspx"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/ie/ff468705.aspx</span></a><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>)</span></li></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Firefox </span></li> <ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Had canvas since 2005 (Gecko 1.8 aka FF1.5) </span><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Canvas_tutorial"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Canvas_tutorial</span></a><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>)</span></li> </ul> <ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Had video since 2007 (Gecko 1.9.1 aka FF 3.5) </span><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/En/Using_audio_and_video_in_Firefox"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>https://developer.mozilla.org/En/Using_audio_and_video_in_Firefox</span></a></li> </ul></ul> <p style='margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Factor in browserusability statistics (Kreps, pg 4), but <span style='font-weight:bold'>NEEDS UPTO DATE INFO, DATED 2008 (All below from </span><ahref="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers</a>)</p> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>NetApplication (40,000 sites, unique visitors) </span><a href="http://marketshare.hitslink.com/browser-market-share.aspx?qprid=0"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://marketshare.hitslink.com/browser-market-share.aspx?qprid=0</span></a></li></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>W3Counter (last 15,000 non-unique views) </span><a href="http://www.w3counter.com/globalstats.php"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://www.w3counter.com/globalstats.php</span></a></li></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>StatCounter (3,000,000 sites, #hits (not unique)) </span><a href="http://gs.statcounter.com/"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://gs.statcounter.com/</span></a></li> <ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Can drill by region/country. </span><span style='font-weight:bold;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Huge differences between US and EU</span></li> </ul></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>W3Schools Counter </span><a href="http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_stats.asp"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_stats.asp</span></a></li></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>StatOwl (USA only) </span><a href="http://www.statowl.com/web_browser_market_share.php"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://www.statowl.com/web_browser_market_share.php</span></a></li></ul> <ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'> <li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Wikimedia visitors </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers#Wikimedia_.28April_2009_to_present.29"><span style='font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers#Wikimedia_.28April_2009_to_present.29</span></a></li></ul> <p style='margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&quot;Indeed theirvictory over Microsoft and Netscape in the Browser Wars of the mid-late 1990swas something achieved rather through the vigorous lobbying of externalorganisations such as the Web Standards Project, (WaSP 1998) formed to enableweb developers to avoid the increasingly necessary expense of creating multipleversions of their websites individually tailored to increasingly differentbrowsers.&quot; (Kreps, 3).</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Almost presents sameissue again that occurred in mid 90s which caused W3C to definestandards/recommendations in place of IE and Netscape, except coding forvarious implementations of client technologies (goes back to User AgentAccessibility Guidelines). <span style='font-weight:bold'>WHAT GOOD ISTECHNOLOGY IF CAN'T RELY ON IT'S USAGE? WHY PUT EFFORT INTO DEVELOPMENT?</span></p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Development of aproduct is further refined as recommendations from the W3C or other bodies areadopted into legislation by state bodies. &quot;WCAG has also been used as amodel<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>for<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>accessibility<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>legislation,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>such<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>as<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>in<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>the<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Section<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>508 guidelines for US government web sites [34].&quot; (Kane, 149)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Numerous Statebodies have passed binding legislation with regards to WCAG (Sydik, 292-297)</p> <div style='direction:ltr'> <table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr; border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width: 1pt'> <tr> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:.7673in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>State Body</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.0541in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Legislation</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.3944in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Scope</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.6902in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Information</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:.7673in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Australia</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.0541in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Disability Discrimintation Act</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.3944in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Public/Private Sector</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.6902in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><a href="http://hreoc.gov.au/disability_rights/dda_guide.htm">http://hreoc.gov.au/disability_rights/dda_guide.htm</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:.7673in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Canada</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.0541in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Canadian Human Rights Act, Ontario Human Rights Code.</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>All sites with WCAG 2 AA</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.3944in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Accepted to be Private (Human Rights)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Public (WCAG)</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.6902in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><a href="http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/clf2-nsi2/">http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/clf2-nsi2/</a><br> <br> <br> <a href="http://www.zvulony.com/accessibility.html">http://www.zvulony.com/accessibility.html</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:.7673in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>EU</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.0541in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>eInclusion</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.3944in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>None (many member states have legislation for public/private sector)</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.6902in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/einclusion">http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/einclusion</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:.7673in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Japan</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.0541in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Japan Industrial Standard (JIS) X 8341-3</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.3944in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Non-legal, considered best practice</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.6902in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><a href="http://www.mitsue.co.jp/english/column/backnum/20040625.html">http://www.mitsue.co.jp/english/column/backnum/20040625.html</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:.7673in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>UK</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.0541in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Disability Discrimination Act</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Special<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Educational<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Needs<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>and<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Disability<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Act</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.3944in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Public/Private</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Education</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.6902in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><a href="http://www.drc-gb.org/PDF/CoP_Access.pdf">http://www.drc-gb.org/PDF/CoP_Access.pdf</a></p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>(Kane, 149)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:.7673in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>UN</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.0541in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.3944in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>100 member nations</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.6902in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><a href="http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/">http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/</a></p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><a href="http://www.nomensa.com/resources/research/united-nations-global-audit-of-accessibility.html">http://www.nomensa.com/resources/research/united-nations-global-audit-of-accessibility.html</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:.7673in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>US</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.0541in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Section 508</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.3944in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Public</p> </td> <td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt; vertical-align:top;width:2.6902in;padding:1.95pt 3.0pt 1.95pt 3.0pt'> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><a href="http://www.section508.gov/">http://www.section508.gov/</a></p> </td> </tr></table> </div> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Further Law Info canbe found at WebAIM World Laws (<ahref="http://www.webaim.org/articles/laws/world/">http://www.webaim.org/articles/laws/world/</a>)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><spanstyle='font-weight:bold'>BUT HOW DOES ALL OF THIS AFFECT ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATIONSOF TECHNOLOGY AND WEB SITES?</span></p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Dexter HypertextModel Overview (Dodd, pg 4)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Document may be atom(single page) of Composite component.</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Anchor - Linkbetween documents. Can be scriptable, determinable at run time (issue forscreen readers?)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>The Dexter Model isformally expressed as three distinct layers as shown in Figure 2 below; therelevant items from </p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Figure 2 are listedfor each layer. (Dodd, pg 5)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p> <p style='margin:0in'><img src="Outline_files/image001.png" width=511height=352alt="Machine generated alternative text: . Runtme Instance&#10;• Link Marker&#10;Runtime Layer • Presentaban Speication&#10;. Link Resolver&#10;. Resotved Mchoi End&#10;. Session&#10;.—&#10;. Arc&#10;Storage Layer • Arc End&#10;• Presenlabon Specification&#10;• Attribute&#10;• Resoaveci AnchOE End&#10;Within-component Layer • Anchor"></p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Figure 2 – The threelayer Dexter Model </p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&quot;Each Componentwithin the Dexter Model is associated with a Presentation Specification. The </p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>PresentationSpecification describes how an individual component should be rendered to the </p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>user.&quot; (Dodd,pg 5)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><spanstyle='font-weight:bold'>Design-wise this is accomplished through CSS, but UserAgent-wise this means updating CSS interpretations within the browser andreleasing new browser versions. This is reliant on standards.</span></p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Many automated toolsexist to test, though false positives are potential. WebXACT (aka Bobby) andCynthia Says are two common WCAG 1.0 testers. FAE tests modification of this toboth WCAG and Section 508 (US only) legislations. Alt Text on images is commonlyflagged, but is alt text significant on space-holding images? WebInSight triesto mitigate this error. (Kane, 151).</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Of the 778 sitestested by Kreps, a vast majority had many many issues. Were outright invalid orwere not up to standard (Kreps, 6).</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>REFERENCES TOUNIVERSITY WEB SITE STUDIES (Kane , 149).</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&lt;25% ofuniversity home pages were passed by Bobby (Kane from Rowland, 149)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>77% of home pages orpages linked from were failed by Bobby from to p24 ranked info scienceuniversities in US (Kane from Schmetzke, 149).</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Automated tools totest top 50 US schools, 15% failed in at least accessibility or usabilitytests, 35/50 failed WCAG Priority 1 (Kane from Zaphiris and Ellis, 149)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Kane conducted selfstudy on Times Top 100 Universities using multi-method technique (Bobby andCynthia scores combined, FAE kept separate). Only 2 were 100% WCAG 1 compliant(Bobby and Cynthia), while<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&quot;Among<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>those<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>countries<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>with<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>5<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>or<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>more<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ranked<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>universities, universities<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>inAustralia<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>contain<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>the<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>fewest<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>average<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>accessibility errors,<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>followed<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>by<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>the<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>United<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Kingdom,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>the<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>United<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>States,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>the Netherlands<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>and<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>France<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(tie),<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>and<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Switzerland.&quot; (Kane, 152). Results found to be statisticallysignificantly.</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Table on 152 showsnumbers, <span style='font-weight:bold'>DO THESE COINCIDE WITH SCOPE OFLEGISLATION (PUBLIC/PRIVATE VS. PRIVATE ONLY)? FOR THOSE THAT DO, DOES RATE OFADHERENCE COINCIDE WITH DURATION OF TIME SINCE LEGISLATION ENACTED (LESSINFRACTIONS FOR LONGER TIME ENACTED)?</span></p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Aside from markupitself, also worth noting is the additional implementation time of drafting andupdating accessibility policies. Kane found less than half (46/100) sites hadaccessibility policies somewhere on the site, with a fifth (21/100) linked fromthe home page. More overhead in adherence than simply markup, but promotes bestpractice: &quot;Web<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>sites<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>that<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>featured<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>accessibility<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>policies<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>had<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>statistically feweraccessibility violations<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>than sites<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>that did not have policies (p<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&lt;<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>.01)<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Sites without<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>policies<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>averaged<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>5.36<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>P1-P3<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>violations, while sites with policies averaged 3.98 P1-3violations.&quot; (Kane, 154)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&quot;The issue ofweb accessibility has received a fair amount of attention in English-speakingcountries such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia.These sites<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>tend<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>to<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>have<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>a<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>somewhat<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>higher<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>level<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>of<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>accessibility. However,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>universities<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>in<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>some<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>non-English-speaking<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>countrieshave<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>significantly<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>less accessible web<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>pages.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>It<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>is<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>not<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>clear<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>from the<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>present<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>research what<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>factors may<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>cause<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>this<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>discrepancy<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>in </p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>web siteaccessibility. It seems that legislation may have a limited positive<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>effect<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>on<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>accessibility.<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>For<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>example,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>web<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>sites<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>in<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>the United<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Kingdom,<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>where<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>university<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>web<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>site<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>accessibility<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>is regulated, have some of the highest levelsof accessibility.&quot; (Kane, 154)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'><spanstyle='font-weight:bold'>Dodd identifies that other usability concerns crop upas a result of the very standard for web pages (HTML, based off<spanstyle='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Dexter Model)</span>. &quot;As a simpleexample, the ordering of content in a list may need to vary between visual andaudio design spaces: in text-to-speech environments, the most important menuoptions may need to be listed first, but in a visual environment the menu may berequired to be grouped more logically.&quot; (Dodd, page 8)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>This is a standardthat is so long in evolution and entrenchment is so high that it is unlikely tochange. &quot;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>HTML version 5 [8]is now out for discussion and, “intends to replace HTML 4, XHTML 1.x, and DOM2HTML </p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>specifications”&quot;(Dodd from W3C, pg 10)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Note that attributesand events can be used to provide synchronization (video.timeupdate event), butthese require manual checking of the time every millisecond and is &quot;forcedsynchronization&quot;.</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Even with standardadherence, accessibility is not guaranteed. Screenreaders evaluate DOM atload-time and can not reevaluate when changed at run-time through on-pagescripts. &quot;Screen reading application Jaws for Windows [5] and VoiceOver[7], both fail to handle the dynamic page updates correctly on what isotherwise a trivial web page.&quot; (Dodd, pg 9)</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>CONCLUSION</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Too long anstandardization time means continual adjusting or standards and implementationsthere of (ARIA, Firefox kept tweaking as standards) or non-implementation atall (IE held off on implementation).</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Too short can leadto short-sightedness, inflexibility and necessity to &quot;go back to thedrawing board&quot; (WCAG 1 was narrow focused and tech specific. Implemented in 1999, version 2.0 was being drafted 2 years after already).</p> <p style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Why would a company invest lots of resources in implementing WCAG 1 compliance a year after if WCAG 2 is already in the works (similar to IE not adopting ARIA, universities not conforming to WCAG "&quot;recommendations"&quot;).</p>