{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial1<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_1}}=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT=<br>===Main Objectives of this Practice Tutorial=== :* Understand the purpose of the Learn how to access your '''Matrix ''' serveraccount (from home and/or from Seneca computer lab).* Learn several ways to '''exit''' and your Matrix Linux Account session.* Understand the <u>'''advantageLinux command structure'''</u> of combining Linux servers and how to form a get '''clusterhelp'''with Linux command usage. :* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account in the <u>Become efficient with '''computer labs</u> at Seneca CollegeLinux command line editing'''. :* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer <u>by using '''outside</u> of Seneca Collegeshort-cut keys'''. :* Learn to Effectively Use the Issue a '''Command Promptchecking program''' (Linux ''i.e. 'shell'Shell Script'') :* Change your Matrix Account to '''Passwordconfirm'''that you accessed your Matrix account. :* Perform '''ExitLINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' your Matrix Linux Accountfor additional practice.

===Tutorial Resources===<br>{|width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"

|colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / ResourcesSoftware<br>

|colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux Command /Shortcut Reference<br>

|colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes: <br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Windows SSH client Software:'''<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |Package Management'''Matrix Account Access:'''*[https://linux.die.net/man/8/rpm rpm]<br>*[http://man7ss64.orgcom/linuxbash/man-pages/man8/yum.8logout.html yumlogout , exit]<br>System Information<br>*[httphttps://man7www.quora.orgcom/linux/manWhat-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-pages/man1/hostname.1.html hostnameterminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/unamepasswd.1.html unamepasswd]<br>*[http'''Command Line Editing://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ps.1.html ps]<br>'''*[httphttps://man7www.ostechnix.orgcom/linux/manlist-useful-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html lsblk]<br>Networking<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/manbash-pages/man8/ifconfig.8.html ifconfig]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/mankeyboard-pagesshortcuts/man8/route.8.html route]<br>*[http://linux.math.tifr.res.in/manuals/man/nslookup.html nslookupBash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style="padding-left:15px;"|Miscellaneous*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html grep]<br>*[http'''General Linux Commands://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wc.1.html wc]<br>'''

*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.11p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/morecal.1.html morecal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/filedate.1.html filedate]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wgetwho.1.html wgetwho] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmodwhoami.1.html chmodwhoami ,who am i]<br>*[httpshttp://ss64man7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man1/viclear.1.html viclear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>  | colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|Matrix on-line tutorials<br>'''Brauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>Linux Basics[https:<br>'''/home/ops235www.youtube.com/linux-basics'''watch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]</libr><li>Using the vi Text Editor:<br>'''/home/ops235/vi-tutorial'''</li><li>Shell Scripting - Part I (Scripting Basics)[https:<br>'''/home/ops235www.youtube.com/scriptingwatch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-1'''2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (ls, cd, pwd, tree), Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul> 

===Purpose of Having a Matrix Account==KEY CONCEPTS=

===Purpose of Your Student Account on Matrix=== While attending Seneca College, you will be using many different computer systems to perform various operations.

| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''mylearn.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'' / ''Student Grades / Notes / Online Quizzes) |-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |''/ 'ict.senecacollege.ca'Online Quizzes''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Main ICT Webserver)

| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Course WIKIs for Seneca College Students''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Additional Learning Resources''

| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''<span style="color:blue;">matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Matrix is our Linux Account server environment used for Student Practice and Assignment submission"''hands-on practice''". Each ULI101 student has an account on this server.

Although you need to study concepts throughout this course(slides, etc.), you will also need to learn to get '''issue and memorize simple hands-on practice running Linux commands as well as more advanced Linux commands'''. This requires that you practice issuing Linux commands on a frequent basis to become more comfortable when working the Unix performing and '''Linux command-line environmentssubmitting online tutorials'''.

Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to This requires that you '''open connect to a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS tasks'''. In Unix/Linux, a '''shellserver''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improvedMatrix) over a period of time. You will be using the and become comfortable '''Bash Shellissuing Linux commands''' which is considered to be user-friendly.

===Layout of the Matrix Linux Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|350px250px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster '''Linux Cluster''' is a '''cost effective ''' alternative to larger servers. ]]

The '''Matrix server ''' consists of '''several Virtual Computers computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''. <br>A '''Linux cluster ''' is a '''cost effective ''' alternative to buying larger servers.

All registered students in this course should have access to an account on the Matrix server.<br>You will be using this account for the following reasons:

:* Performing '''Linux Practice Tutorials'''('''11 Weekly Tutorials x 2% = 22% of your final grade'''):* Performing '''Linux AssignmentsPractice Questions''':* Performing '''Review Tutorial''' ('''38 Sections x 1% = 8% of your final grade''') ===Connecting to the Seneca Student VPN===[[Image:* Practice Issuing gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca Student VPN''' ]] All Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Seneca Student VPN''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix'''Linux Command Review Questionsaccount when outside of campus as a '''network security''' measure. The Seneca Student VPN uses multi-factor authentication (MFA) when logging in to verify you are who you say you are. ''<b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).''Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication You should have received an e-mail message with instructions on how to set up your smartphone for multi-factor authentication. If you haven't installed it yet, please do so by following the ITS instructions here: https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn

In ===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===[[Image:cls-shell.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to Matrix via'''ssh''' command]]There are two basic methods to connecting to your Matrix account. '''Method 1: Run ssh Command from command prompt:''' :After connecting to the next section'''Seneca Student VPN''', you will learn how to can open a '''command terminal''' in '''Windows 10 (or above)''', '''connectMac''' to and or '''loginLinux''' computer and issue the following command:: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;">ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> [[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to your Matrix server account both at a via '''graphical''' SSH Program ]]'''college Method 2: Run graphical ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab workstation:''' and from  :If you are in a remote Seneca computer such as your lab, you can use MyApps to run a '''home computergraphical SSH application''' or for your Windows machine. One advantage of using this method is that you are already at Seneca and are NOT required to connect to the student VPN. '''laptop computerNOTE:'''You instructor may show you how to run a graphic Linux VM in order to connect to your Matrix account (if interested, refer to the optional tutorial at the end of this semester).<br><br>

:* From your '''home computer''' <br>:* From a '''workstation in a Seneca College''' lab via '''MyApps''' ===METHOD 1: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER=== [[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''Seneca Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-based '''terminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the '''ssh command'''.<br><br> '''Perform the Following Steps:''' # If you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>workstationyour</u> '''withincurrent operating system'''.<br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;"> <th>'''Windows 10 (or above):'''</th> <th>'''macOS:''' </th> <th>'''Linux:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal''' a <br>and press '''Seneca College labENTER'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td> * From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> </tr></table><ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>ownidentical</u> computer to your Seneca password.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' As you type the password, the text may be '''hidden''' to prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''withinautomatically closed''' or .<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method'outside''to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.</li></ol><br> ===METHOD 2: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM SENECA COMPUTER LAB=== <span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: This section requires you have access to a Seneca computer lab on campus.<br>If you don' t have access to a Seneca computer lab this semester, then you can skip this section</span><br><br>  You can also connect to your Matrix server account in the '''Seneca CollegeComputer lab via MyApps''' .<br><br>One advantage of this method is that your are at the college; therefore, '''you do NOT have to worry about connecting to the Seneca VPN'''. Another advantage of using this method is to introduce you to a '''graphical program''' to allow you connect to your Matrix account as opposed to using the '''ssh''' command (shown in the previous section).<br>

You will learn how to connect to your Matrix Linux account from a workstation in your computer labs at Seneca college. This method would also be useful if you do '''not ''' have a home (notebook ) computer and are required have access to use one of the workstations available in your a Seneca computer labworkstation.<br><br>

You will now use '''MyApps ''' on your Windows workstation in your Seneca lab room to launch an application<br>to allow you to connect and login to your Matrix server account.

# Make certain that the '''MyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the '''MyApps''' icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen "requires validation", then click on that area to connect to validate.</span><br><br># Click on the '''Search Apps ''' area located in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br>

# Double-click on Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTE:''' Prior to launching the application, you can add this to your '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br>

# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the second '''Authentication Response ''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username ''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password ''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you encountered an error logging in, issue the same steps to connect to your Matrix account,<br>but carefully check your server name, username and your password. If you continue to experience the same problems,click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>you can go to the computer help [https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk in the learning commons to get help'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you entered your password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should appear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux serveserver'''r due to large number of users (students).<br><br>Later in the course, your instructor may demonstrate other ways of accessing '''graphical versions of Linux''', and how to launch a shell terminal.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]

# After you have disconnected from your account, then close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br>

In the next sectioninvestigation, you will learn how to connect issue Linux commands from the command prompt (referred to as the "shell"), learn how to get help with Linux commands, use command-line editing short cut keys, and run a program to confirm that you connected to your Matrix server account from a different computer (in order to get marks for examplethis online tutorial. =INVESTIGATION 2: your laptop computer at Seneca College or your computer at home). USING THE LINUX SHELL =In that sectionthis investigation, we you will introduce you learn how to use the Linux Shell. Topics in the section include: :* Learn the basic '''Linux command structure''' (''arguments'' and ''options''):* Learn how to get '''help''' for Linux commands via the other SSH application called "'''Puttyonline manual''' (i.e. '''man''' command).:* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a '''program'''"to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account ==Linux Command Structure== The Bash shell allows you to interact with Linux by typing commands.<br><br>

===Part 2'''The basic Linux command structure is as follows: Access your Matrix Account From your own computer within or outside the Seneca College Network ==='''

You will learn how to connect to your Matrix Linux account from your own computer whether it be a laptop computer or your home computer<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 ... </span>

This would Some Linux commands can be useful if you want to access your Matrix Linux account on your own computer to practice used as-is (e.g. '''pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', '''cal'''), but many Linux commands or perform your assignment outside of the scheduled classcan also be issued with arguments (e.g. '''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''ls -l -timea /bin''' ).

We will be learning to use a different SSH application called "'''PuttyWhat is an argument?'''". In this way, then you can decide which SSH application you would like to use for the remainder of this course.

An argument is used to change the default behaviour of a command. Arguments come in three major forms:# A command '''Perform the following steps:option'''.# Click on the following link to download the Putty executable file* Example:<brcode>http:-l<//thecode># A '''file pathname'''.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe[[Image#* Example:putty-application-icon.png|thumb|right|70px|Putty Application Icon ]]<brcode>/etc<br/code># A series of characters (i.e. '''NOTE:text''' If you are interested in downloading and installing other SSH applications (including ) that thecommand can use.#* Example: <brcode>SSH Secure Shell Client application used in part 1)"Hello, refer to week 1 links in the ULI101 Weekly Scheduleworld."<br><br/code># The putty executable file does An '''argument''' <u>notmust be separated</u> install the Putty program. To run this program, open from a command (and from other arguments) by whitespace (a file manager'''SPACE''', move to the '''DownloadsMULTIPLE SPACES''' or a ''' directory and double-click on the TAB'''putty).exe '''Perform the Following Steps:''' file # Confirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.# Issue the following Linux command: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd<br/span>[[Image:putty-configuration-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Putty Configuration Window ]]# * '''Explanation:''' The Putty configuration window will appear.<br><br>You can output from this Linux command shows your '''configurecurrent location''' on the SSH application to adjust elements such Matrix server (otherwise known as the your '''window sizep''' and resent '''text font typew''' and text orking '''font sized'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will be showing discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you how to configure notice?#* '''Answer:''' If there are any files in your SSH Secure Shell Clienthome directory, but the other applications can allow you to configure only their settingsfile names are displayed.# Change your directory location by issuing the following command: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /etc<br/span># To change Issue the size of following Linux command to confirm your shell window, click changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''WindowResult:'''Your Linux session should display <brcode>/etc/<br/code>when running this command. If your output is different, retrace your steps to make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.# Change Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''rowsQuestion:''' and What do you notice? How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Re-run the ls command using an '''columnsoption''' to larger values.: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l<br/span># To change the font size, under the * '''Question:'Window'' section, click What do you notice?#* '''AppearanceAnswer:'''<br><br># In the left window under The '''Font Settings-l''', click option combined with the '''Changels''' button.<br><br># Select command displays a larger ''font size'detailed' and click ''("'Apply'long''") listing of the same files, providing you with more information about each file. This is called metadata (data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and permissions.# Return to your home directory: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd<br/span># You will return Now confirm you've changed back to the Putty Configuration window.your home directory: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd<br/span># To login to your Matrix Linux account, click on * '''SessionsResult:'''The shell should display <brcode>/home/''yourusername''<br/code># In Issue the Host Name sectionand enter the textfollowing Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrixls /bin</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd<br/span>#* '''NOTEQuestion:''' You can use the hostname What do you notice?#* '''matrixQuestion:''' since What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your home directory?# Issue the following Linux command: <uspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">insideclear</uspan> Seneca#* '''Question:'''s network.What do you notice? Why is this command helpful?#* '''Tip:''' The shortcut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell are: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l<br/span>If you where located # Issue the following Linux command: <uspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">outsidewho</uspan> Seneca#* '''Question:'s network, then you would need to enter '' What information does this command show?#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the full domain namesame Linux server as yourself.#* '''NOTE: '''matrix.senecacRemember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers (or nodes).It won't display all users logged into the cluster, only the ones onthe same node as you.ca'''# Issue the following Linux command: <brspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami<br/span>[[Image#* '''Question:putty-login-window.png|thumb|right|350px|Login to Matrix Server ]]''' What does this command display?# Click on the * '''OpenQuestion:''' button and What do you think is the purpose of this command?# Issue the Putty session window should appear.following Linux command: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal<br/span># Enter your * '''usernameQuestion:''' when prompted.What does this command do?# Issue the following Linux command: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2035<br/span># Enter your * '''passwordQuestion:''' when prompted.How and why is the output different?# Issue the following Linux command: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2035<br/span>[[Image#* '''Question:putty-public-key.png|thumb|right|250px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]''' What do each of these numbers do?# When connecting securely from * '''Question:''' What do you think would happen if you reversed the putty application for order of those arguments? (i.e. cal 2035 2) ==Getting Help with Linux Commands== With the Linux OS containing over '''first time2500'''commands and utilities, a dialog box will appear it's important for Linux users and Linux system administrators (sysadmin) to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order learn how to make your interaction between your workstation and use commands “on-the remote Linux server secure within the network -fly”. The '''man''' utility is an interactive collection of manual pages that provides information on how to use a given command (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users'''command usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', '''examples'''). # For an example, issue the following command for the manual page about the manual utility: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man<br/span># Click * You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''.# Press the '''YesSPACE''' button key to move to share your public keythe next screen.<br><br>#* '''NOTEQuestion:''' If you encounter an How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands''', '''error messagegames''', or '''system administrator commands''')?# You can use the following '''shortcut keys''' within the man command to help navigate throughout this can occur for several reasonsutility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):#::<oltable cellpadding="3"><litr>You mis<th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-spelled the name of the serverbottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></litr><tr><litd>You mis-spelled your Matrix username (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)'''q'''</litd><litd>You mis-spelled your password (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)quit man utility</litd></oltr><br/table># If you encountered an error logging in, issue the same steps are connected to connect to your Matrix accountthrough a terminal application,<br>but carefully check you can also use your server name, username and your passwordmouse's scroll wheel. If you continue to experience # Press the same problems,<brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span>you can go key to exit the computer help desk in man command.# Use the learning commons ''man'' utility to get help.with the ''ls'' command: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls<br/span>[[Image# Navigate through the '''ls''' manual page and write down the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:putty-shell-window#*"'''use a long listing format'''"#*"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e.pnghidden files)#*"'''sort by file size'''"#*"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|thumb|right|250px|Putty Shell Command Line Interface ]]) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)# Exit the man utility.# Issue the '''ls''' command using <bru>each<br/u>of those option letters you noted in '''step 5''' to see how the command's output changes with each option.#* '''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.# If '''Pipeline commands''' can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you followed will be issuing, the output from the login sequence correctly'''man -k''' command, is sent into the Putty Shell window '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8" (The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands). We will appear where you can issue Linux learn more about pipeline commandslater in this course.# Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8<br/span># To exit * '''Question:''' How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?# If you wish to change your Matrix sessionpassword on typical Linux systems, type you can by issuing the following command and press ENTER: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">exitpasswd</span>{{Admon/caution|Do NOT run the <brcode>passwd<br/code>command on Matrix!|Unique to this college, your Linux password is changed automatically when you change your ''myseneca'NOTE' password.}}#* '''Question:''' What option for the ''passwd'' command can be used to change user info (such as name)?#* '''Hint:''' You should notice that use the Putty application window will disappear'''man''' command for '''passwd'''.<br><br># After you have disconnected from your account, then close Press the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q<br/span>key to exit the man command.# It is recommended You will now learn how to perform '''command line editing''' to repeat these steps with connecting correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to your Matrix account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with pressing the processENTER key.<br><br>

In the next investigation, ==Command Line Editing==[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]Learning '''shortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you will learn how to issue be more productive as a ''Linux commands and how user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to setup and perform the first two sections of the online ULI101 assignment #1as: '''Linux sysadmin''').<br><br>

'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.]]# Type the following Linux command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br>In this section# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time'''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to <u>left</u> of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and press '''ctrl-e''' to move to end of the command line.]]</td></tr></table># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key. What happens?<br><br># Type the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key combination, and see what happens when you will learn how press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span> , <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;</span> and <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;</span>.<br>Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to use clear the line.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the Linux advantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shellediting. Topics <br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in the section includecase you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts] ==Tutorial Submission==

:* Learn Basic '''Running a Shell Editing Techniques and understand commands, arguments and optionsScript to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:* Learn several general Linux commandsscript-check-1.png|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</td><td>[[Image:* Learn script-check-2.png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to setup user to correct and perform the first two sections for your assignment #1re-run checking script.]]<br/td><br/table>

===Part 1: Using the Linux These programs (known as Shell ===Scripts) will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections. Making corrections (i.e. troubleshooting) and re-running these checking programs until you are successful will help students gain "hands-on" experience as well as "trouble-shooting experience.

:If you have correctly completed the required tasks, the user can proceed. If the checking shell script detects an '''Perform the following steps:error''', then it will provide feedback to allow the student to fix that problem so they can re-run the checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task.

# Open Terminal.# Login as root: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size'''Perform the Following Steps:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">yum update</span></code></b># Follow the prompts.# If there is a kernel update, reboot your system. (There usually is on a first update after OS installation.)'''

# Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory''' by entering the following Linux command:#* <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd</span># Issue the following command to run a checking script:#* <span style==Part 2"font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">~uli101/week1-check</span>#* '''Note: Common Linux Commands ===''' The beginning character "'''~'''" is called '''tilde'''. You get this character by pressing '''SHIFT''' + '''`''' (which is the key to the left of the number 1 on your keyboard). # Your screen should clear and indicate that you have proved that you have successfully logged in.# An email will be sent to your Seneca email as '''confirmation''' in case your ULI101 professor is assigning marks to these tutorials.#* Keep those confirmation email messages for the duration of this semester as proof that you have completed those checking scripts in case there is a discrepancy in tutorial grades.<!--

NOTE:'''Perform the following steps:'''ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS ARE RETIRED AND REPLACED WITH ONLINE TUTORIALS and REVIEW QUESTIONS

# Open Terminal.# Login as root===Part 2: <b><code><span stylePerforming Online Assignments =="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">yum update</span></code></b># Follow the prompts.# If there is a kernel update, reboot your system. (There usually is on a first update after OS installation.)

===Part You are required to perform '''3: Performing Assignment #online assignments''' throughout this course. This online assignment is used to teach and reinforce<br>Linux commands to gain experience for '''quizzes''', '''test 1 ===''' (midterm) and '''test 2''' (final).

In this investigation, you will learn to:* '''Select the correct section''' for assignment submission* Perform the following steps:'''first section''' and '''3 parts of the second section''' of assignment #1* '''Verify''' that you successfully completed both sections* '''Exit''' your online assignment #1.

<br>'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section. ]]# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier">~uli101/a1</span><br><br># Open TerminalPress '''ENTER''' at the "Notes" screen.<br><br># Login as rootA screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.<br><br><span style="color:red;">'''WARNING''': You need to select the <u>'''CORRECT'''</u> section for the course which you belong to.<br>If you do <u>NOT</u> select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</span><bbr><br># Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.<br><br># Select the '''3 letter code''' corresponding to the <u>correct</u> '''ULI101 <u>section</u>''' and '''professor''' and press <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span><br><br>#3366CCAfter you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<br>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press <span style="color:blue;font-sizeweight:1bold">ENTER</span> to proceed.<br><br>[[Image:assn-section-completion.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to View Which Sections Need to be Completed. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.<br><br>'''NOTES:'''<ul><li>Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"You are currently registered to"''' followed by the '''section letter''' and '''instructor name'''. Double-check your course timetable to confirm that this the correct section letter.3emIf you have selected the WRONG section, type <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">su C</span> in the menu selection area and press <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.<br><br></codeli><li>Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Sections that are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue background'''. On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text (i.e not in reverse text).<br><br>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed. ]]</li><li>If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the text '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your correct course section.<br><br></li></bul># TypeAt the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <span style="color: blue;font-weight:bold">1</span> in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.<bbr><codebr># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.<br>View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this section.<br><br># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:bold">2</span> in the menu selection area and perform the first 3 parts only<br>('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<br><br># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.<br>View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this section.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to use reference sheets for course evaluations, it is recommended to create one for your personal use, and write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam.<br><br># In order to exit the assignment #1.3emscreen, enter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">yum updateq</span></codebr></bbr># Follow Re-run the promptscommand that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.<br>What do you notice?<br><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).<br><br># If there is a kernel updateExit your Assignment 1, reboot and exit your systemMatrix session.<br><br># Proceed to the next section to perform additional practice. (There usually Linux is on about "doing"! The more practice questions you perform,<br>the better mark you will achieve for this course and have a first update after OS installationbetter foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.)<br><br>

The purpose of this section is to obtain '''extra practice ''' to help with your assignment #1, '''quizzes''', your '''midterm''', and your '''final ezamexam'''.

Here is a link to the MS a Word Document document of ALL of the questions displayed below but with extra room to answer on the document tosimulate a quiz:

: https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saululi101/uli101files/uli101_week1_practice.docx

# List '''three unique server names ''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Linux server Seneca College account from a workstation in a on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer lab at Seneca College'''.# List the steps alternative methods to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your home , including if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computeror are running the '''Linux''' operating system.

# List the steps to change your Matrix password.# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) can separation between are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear''' _________________________________________________________________________________