Changes

=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT=<br>

:* List the steps to connect Learn how to access your '''Matrix server account in the <u>'''computer labs<server account (from home and/u> at or from Seneca College'''computer lab).

:* List the steps Learn several ways to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer <u>'''outside</u> of Seneca Collegeexit'''your Matrix Linux Account session.

:* Working with Understand the Linux '''Command PromptLinux command structure''' (Linux and how to get '''shellhelp''')with Linux command usage.

:* Changing your Matrix Account Become efficient with '''PasswordLinux command line editing'''by using '''short-cut keys'''.

:* '''Exiting''' your Matrix Linux Account :* Performing '''Review Questions''' for Additional Practice ===Purpose of Having a Matrix Account=== [[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|A '''shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you need to study concepts throughout this course, you will also need to learn to '''issue and memorize simple as well as more advanced Linux commands'''. This requires that you practice issuing Linux commands on a frequent basis to become more comfortable when working the Unix and '''Linux command-line environments'''. Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to '''open Issue a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS tasks'''. In Unix/Linux, a ''checking program'shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server)i. Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of timee. You will be using the '''Bash ShellScript''' which is considered ) to be user-friendly. The '''Matrixconfirm''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux serve'''r due to large number of users (students). Later in the course, that you accessed your instructor may discuss other ways of accessing graphical versions of Linux, and how to launch a shell terminal. ===Layout of the Matrix Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|450px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]] The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers running CentOS all connected together to form a cluster. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. All registered students in this course have access to an account on the Matrix server.You will be using this account for the following reasons: :* Issuing '''Linux commands''':* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell'''):* Performing '''Linux Practice Tutorials''':* Performing '''Linux Assignments''' ('''3'''):* Practice Issuing '''Linux Command Review Questions'''

{|widthcolspan="100%2" cellspacingstyle="0font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<br>

|- valigncolspan="2" style="topfont-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux Command/Shortcut Reference<br>

|colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Minimum Required Materials<br> |colspan="31" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux Command ReferenceYouTube Videos<br>

| colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] |[https://github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [Imagehttps:ssd//github.png|thumb|left|175pxcom/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] |[https://github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Access Your Matrix Account]</li><li>[http://czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture1.html Les Czegel's Week 1 Notes (HTML)]</li></ul>'''Windows SSH client Software:'''<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]<b/li>Solid State Drive<li>[https:/b/www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><brli>Minimum Size[https: 250GB//www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

| [[Image:log-book.png|thumb|left|100px|<b>[[:Media:OPS235_logbook.pdf|Lab Logbook]]</b><br>(lab 1)]] | style="padding-left:15px;" |Package Management'''Matrix Account Access:'''*[https://linuxss64.die.netcom/manbash/8/rpm rpm]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/yum.8logout.html yumlogout , exit]<br>System Information<br>*[httphttps://man7www.quora.orgcom/linux/manWhat-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-pages/man1/hostname.1.html hostnameterminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/unamepasswd.1.html unamepasswd]<br>*[http'''Command Line Editing://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ps.1.html ps]<br>'''*[httphttps://man7www.ostechnix.orgcom/linux/manlist-useful-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html lsblk]<br>Networking<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/manbash-pages/man8/ifconfig.8.html ifconfig]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/mankeyboard-pages/man8shortcuts/route.8.html route]<br>*[http://linux.math.tifr.res.in/manuals/man/nslookup.html nslookupBash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style="padding-left:15px;"|Miscellaneous*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html grep]<br>*[http'''General Linux Commands://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wc.1.html wc]<br>'''

*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/lscd.11p.html lscd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/morels.11p.html morels]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/filecal.1.html filecal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wgetdate.1.html wgetdate]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmodwho.1.html chmodwho]<br>*, [httpshttp://ss64man7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man1/viw.1.html viw]| style="padding-left:15px;"|Matrix on-line tutorials<br><ul><li>Linux Basics*[http:<br>'''/home/ops235man7.org/linux/man-basics'''<pages/man1/li>whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<libr>Using the vi Text Editor*[http:<br>'''/home/ops235man7.org/vi-tutorial'''<linux/li><li>Shell Scripting man- Part I (Scripting Basics):<br>'''pages/homeman1/ops235/scripting-clear.1'''.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]</libr></ul>|}

In this lab, you will learn how to install your |colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''CentOS Full Install DVDBrauer Instructional Videos:''' as a virtual machine using the '''VMware Workstation''' application<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (ls, cd, pwd, tree), Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>

*'''Name|-| style="padding-left:''' c7host*'''Boot media / Installation0px;width:10%" |''' CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file):::*Download at Seneca College: <br>https://mirrormy.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD'''| style="padding-1908.isoleft:15px;width::*Download outside Seneca College:<br>http://mirror.netflash.net/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso*65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'Disk space:'/ '' 238GB *Student Grades''/ 'CPUs:'Online Quizzes'' 1 CPU, 4 cores (recommended)

[[Image:Format_ExFAT.png|thumb-|right|250pxstyle="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''Format drive windowict.senecacollege.ca''' in order | style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Online access to format your new SSD as '''exFAT''' ('''Windows''')]]slides, documents via webpage links

{{Admon/caution|FORMAT YOUR SSD AS exFAT-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''You wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca''must'| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |''Student Notes' format your external drive as exFAT.'/ ''<br>By default, most drives will be formatted for NTFS. <u>Tutorials''(weekly, review) / 'NTFS-formatted drives will cause issues in this course!'Practice Questions''</u> When you plug your drive in, open My Computer, right-click on the new drive, and select ''Format...Resources''.}}

{{Admon/important|Confirm External SSD Device is Recognized as a Drive in Windows Explorer-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |It is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device with a drive letter on your Windows machine'''<span style="color:blue;">matrix. You may experience problems if you are using the Kingston SSDsenecacollege. If so, then run ca</span>'''diskmgmt.msc| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Linux Account for "''hands-on Practice'' in order to create a volume and format your disk1.}}"

{{Admon/important|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computer|If you are going to try this lab on your home computer, there are a few things you need to be aware:<br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have '''16GB''' of RAM. Your home computer should have a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order to function efficiently.<br></li><li>'''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}

Before [[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|120px|A '''shell''' is an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you can install your CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machineneed to study concepts throughout this course (slides, etc.), you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine will also need to get '''hands-on practice running Linux commands as well as performing and submitting online tutorials'''.<br>This requires that will provide a platform for you '''connect to install your CentOS operating systema Linux server''' and become comfortable with '''issuing Linux commands'''.

:In Unix/Linux, a '''shell'''is simply an ''Perform 'interface''' to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the Following Steps:'''[[Image:vmware-2.png|thumb|right|500px|Bash Shell'''which is considered to be 'Main WMware application window'user-friendly'' in order . By understanding how to issue Linux commands, you can create a new file that contains Linux commands (called a '''Virtual Machineshell script''' () later in this course to automate tasks to make you a more '''VMproductive''')]]Linux user and system administrator.

# Although ===Layout of the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>Matrix Linux Server===[[httpImage://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''layout.# If you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open ''My Computer'', png|thumb|right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. |250px|The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example Matrix server consists of several Computers connected together to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.# Create form a folder called: '''Virtual Machinescluster''' on your SSD device.# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the 'A ''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the 'Cluster''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processorscost effective''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on alternative to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2larger servers.]]

The next step is to perform a custom installation for your CentOS 7 virtual machine using All registered students in this course should have an account on the CentOS 7 Full DVDMatrix server. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application <br>You will automatically simulate a "boot" to allow you to complete the installation process to create be using this account for the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machine.following reasons:

:* Issuing '''Perform the following steps:Linux commands'''[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]# Select from * Becoming productive using the installation menu: '''Install CentOS 7'''.# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The Linux '''Install Summarycommand prompt''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installation.# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfsshell''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|450px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''::*From the installation summary screen, click Performing '''Installation Destination'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. Tutorials'''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li><li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> '11'LVM''.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the * Performing '''/''Linux Practice Questions' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for * Performing '''16 GBReview Tutorial Questions'''.</li><li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>2''') in order to proceed<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li></ol>

=== Part 3: Completing Connecting to the Installation Seneca Student VPN===[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca Student VPN''' ]]

{|width=Seneca College is "40%rolling-out" align="right" cellpadding="10"|additional measures to improve '''network security'''. One of these measures is to implement '''multi-factored authentication'''. As of '''September 2020''', all Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Seneca Student VPN''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix''' Linux account.<br><br>''<b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).'' Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi- valign="top"|[[Imagefactor_authentication<br><br>You should have received an email message (also available in course announcements) regarding how to setup your Smart Phone to connect and valid via the Seneca Student VPN. '''NOTE:''' If you haven't done this yet, please perform the steps provided in the following link:<br>https:completed//students.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is completesenecacollege. ]]ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br> |}In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''connect''' to and '''login''' to your Matrix server account from a remote computer<br>such as your '''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.<br><br>

===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===There are two basic methods to connecting to your Matrix account:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''

#During the installation process, you will required to create a '''root password''' (for administration access) and create a '''regular user account'''[[Image:cls-shell. Click on '''Root Password''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password and click Matrix via'''Donessh''' (you may have to click Done <u>twice</u> if your password is not considered to be a strong password).#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).]]#Click :'''User Creation''' and enter your '''full nameMethod 1: Run ssh Command from command prompt:''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''password''' (and confirm password). Click '''Done''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).<br><br>{|width="50%" cellspacing="0"

|- valign:After connecting to the '''Seneca Student VPN''', you can open a '''command terminal'''<br>in your '''Newer Windows 10''', '''Mac''' or '''Linux''' computer and issue the following command:<br><br><span style="topcolor:blue;font-weight:bold;">ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span><br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to Matrix via '''graphical''' SSH Program ]]:'''Method 2: Run graphical ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab:''':If you are in a Seneca computer lab, you can use MyApps to run a '''graphical SSH application''' for your Windows machine. One advantage of using this method is that you are already at Seneca and are NOT required to connect to the student VPN.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You instructor may show you how to run a graphic Linux VM in order to connect to your Matrix account (if interested, refer to the optional tutorial at the end of this semester).<br><br><br>

|{{Admon/important|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMs|In order to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labs, using the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines). Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines). <b>Do not do this in a production environment!</b>}}<br><br>|}<ol><li value="4">When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''</li><li>Click the '''Reboot''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that CentOS will boot from your hard drive.</li><li>After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, Click on '''License Not Accepted''' and graphically accept the license and then click '''FINISH CONFIGURATION''' to finish the installation process.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you have an older version of CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''INVESTIGATION 1''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br></li><li>The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br></li><li>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol>ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT=

<span style="color:red;">'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) ATTENTION''': Effective '''May 9, 2022''' - this online tutorial will be required to be completed by<br>'''Friday in your lab log book.week 2 by midnight''' to obtain a grade of '''2%'''towards this course</span><br><br>

=INVESTIGATION 2In this section, you will learn how to access your Matrix Linux account by two different methods: Common Post-Installation Tasks=

{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|[[Image:taskbar.png|thumb|right|500px|The * From your '''VM Workstation taskbarhome computer''' is useful when in full-screen mode to perform common virtual machine management tasks. ]]<br>|- valign="top"|[[Image:window-mode.png|thumb|right|320px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in * From a '''window mode'''. This is NOT recommended to work in this mode. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTE'''R to change to fullscreen mode, and then again to toggle back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|[[Image:fullscreen-mode.png|thumb|right|300px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation workstation in a Seneca College'''full screen mode'''. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to <u>toggle</u> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to change back to via '''window modeMyApps''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|}===Managing your Virtual Machine===

On the other hand, there are useful short-cut key you should use===METHOD 1:CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER===

[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''ALT-CTRL-ENTERSeneca Student VPN'''service must be connected.]]:Toggles the VM Workstation application window between You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-based '''full screen modeterminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the '''window modessh command'''.<br><br>

'''ALTPerform the Following Steps:''' # If you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;"> <th>'''Newer Version of Windows 10:'''</th> <th>'''MacOSX:''' </th> <th>'''Linux:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-CTRLweight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> </tr></table><ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</u> to your Seneca password.<br><br>'''NOTE:Return focus ''' As you type the password, the text may be '''hidden''' to prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your c7host VM Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''host computer systemalternative method'''to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application. </li></ol><br>

<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: This section requires you have access to a Seneca computer lab on campus.<br>If you don'''VMware Tools''' is t have access to a collection of utilities to help improve the performance and efficiency of the VM's operating system. Some features include:Seneca computer lab this semester, then you can skip this section</span><br><br>

:* Faster GraphicsYou can also connect to your Matrix server account in the '''Seneca Computer lab via MyApps'''.<br><br>:* Allow applications running in One advantage of this method is that your are at the college; therefore, '''you do NOT have to worry about connecting to the Seneca VPN'''. Another advantage of using this method is to introduce you to a VM '''graphical program''' to be accessed allow you connect to your Matrix account as opposed to using the '''ssh''' command (shown in the host machine (unity interfaceprevious section):* Sharing folders between host and VM:* Copying and pasting text between host and among VMs:* Clock synchronization among host and VMs.<br>

It is recommended to install VMware Tools on your system[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window. Click the png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps'''VM(''' menu and select AppsAnywhere''') Main Window ]]This method would also be useful if you do '''Install VM Toolsnot'''have a home (notebook) computer and have access to a Seneca computer lab workstation. The installation program will run in the background until the install is complete.<br><br>

===Part 1You will now use '''MyApps''' on your Windows workstation in your Seneca lab room to launch an application<br>to allow you to connect and login to your Matrix server account.[[Image: Turning Off Locked Screenapps-saver===anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the application called '''SSH Client''' for this practice tutorial. ]]

'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform the following stepsFollowing Steps:'''

# Start your workstation in your lab and login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the '''MyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the '''MyApps''' icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen "requires validation", then click on that area to connect to validate.</span><br><br>#Click on the '''power button at Search Apps''' area located in the top right-hand corner of the MyApps windowand type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br># Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client'''for this practice tutorial.<br><br>#Click Launch the '''SettingsSSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon (bottom leftto launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-hand side of menu connect- looks like a screw-driver window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTE:''' Prior to launching the application, you can add this to your '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br> # The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and wrench iconyour '''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br>#Click on the textbox labelled Hostnanme and enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''Powermatrix''' icon since you are located <u>inside</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located in <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: ''Settings'matrix.senecac.on.ca''' <br><br>[[Image:share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Boxto Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]#Change When connecting securely for the amount of '''first time ''', a dialog box will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>'''FYI:''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''Power Savingprivate key''' section that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt (unscramble) those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]# Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br># Next, a dialog box will appear prompting you for your Matrix account password in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]<br><br># Enter your password and click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER'''<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''NeverOK''' or a press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''longer period name of timethe server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#Close If you entered your password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should appear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''Settings. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog box.Box ]]

===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su'''Perform the Following Steps: Remains in regular user's directory, does not run root's startup script(s).</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s).</li></ul></li></ul>}}|}

:# Click on the '''Edit''' menu item, and then select '''Settings''' in the Edit drop-down menu.<br><br># To change the size of your shell window, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Appearance'''<br><br># Change the ''window size'' both horizontal and vertical to larger values.<br><br># To change the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br># Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''Perform <br><br># You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen to also change your background and text colours if you are interested in doing so.<br><br># To exit your Matrix session, type the following stepscommand and press ENTER: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''NOTE:'''You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br># After you have disconnected from your account, close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br># It is recommended to repeat these steps with connecting to your Matrix account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the process.<br><br>

#Refer to In the Information box regarding next investigation, you will learn how to access the admin account issue Linux commands from the command line.#Issue prompt (referred to as the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;shell">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you ), learn how to the '''root account'''. From thereget help with Linux commands, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account using the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.#Issue the use command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b>. Issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> line editing short cut keys, and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands run a program to confirm your directory pathname. What do that you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code></b> has been created connected to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> command. # You can make use of Matrix account in order to get marks for this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file::: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packagingonline tutorial.log | wc -l'''</span></codebr></bbr>

===Part 3INVESTIGATION 2: Disable SELinux==USING THE LINUX SHELL =

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in <br>In this investigation, you will learn how to use the real world| It is highly discouraged and unsafe to disable SELinux on a public-facing serverLinux Shell. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never Topics in the correct way to solve an issue.}}section include:

SELinux stands for :* Learn the basic '''Security-Enhanced Linuxcommand structure''' (''arguments''. It is a component that helps and ''options''):* Learn how to better secure get '''help''' for Linux commands via the system to protect against intrusion '''online manual''' (hackers)i. SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOSe. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and know how it works'''man''' command). For this course it is strongly recommended that you :* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a ''disable SELinux by default'program'' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary.confirm that you connected to your Matrix account<br><br>

# Make sure you're logged in ''The General Linux Command Structure is as root. <b><code><span style="colorfollows:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/config''': <b><codebr><span style="color:#3366CC;font-sizefamily:1.3emcourier;">vim /etc/selinux/config</span></code></b># In the editing session, set '''SELINUX''' to '''<u>disabled</u>''' (from ''enforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.3em;bold">sestatuscommand argument1 argument2 ... </span></code></b>

Running software updates regularly is an important part An '''argument''' can respresent::* a '''file pathname''':* a command '''option''':* a series of keeping your computer secure and stablecharacters (i. On Linux, we use package managers to install software and updatese. Package managers not only perform installations, but they keep track of everything '''text''') that is currently installed on the system for easy management. For CentOS, this manager is called yum. Yum is also the command used.can use

:An '''Perform the following steps:argument'''is <u>separated</u> from a command (or from other arguments) by a '''SPACE''', '''MULTIPLE SPACES''' or a '''TAB'''.<br><br>

# Open Terminal.# Login as root: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size'''Perform the Following Steps:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">yum update</span></code></b># Follow the prompts.# If there is a kernel update, reboot your system. (There usually is on a first update after OS installation.)'''

# Make certain that you are logged into your Matrix account.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br>The output from this Linux command basically shows your '''current location''' in the Matrix server.<br>This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>If there were any files in your home directory, just their file names would be displayed.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>The '''-l''' option with the '''ls''' command provides a '''detailed'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions"''long''") listing of files providing more information on a separate line for each file.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span><br><br> # Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>What makes this command with that argument useful if you are current located in your lab log bookhome directory?<br><br># Issue a Linux command that you have already learned to change to your '''home''' directory<br>and to '''confirm''' that you have returned to your home directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">clear</span><br><br>What do you notice? How would this command be helpful?<br>'''FYI:''' The short-cut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell is: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span><br><br>What information does this command show?<br><br>This command lists users that are logged into the same Matrix server as yourself.<br>'''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers, so it does not display<br>all users that are logged onto those other machines within that cluster!<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span><br><br>What does this command display? What do you think is the purpose of this command?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span><br><br>What is the purpose of this command?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2021</span><br><br>What is the purpose of this command using this argument?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2021</span><br><br>What is the purpose of this command using those two '''numbers''' as arguments?<br><br>'''Getting Help with Linux Commands'''

= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting With the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it is good for a Linux user or <br>Linux system administrator (sysadmin) to learn about how to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|use commands “on-the- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|fly”.<br><br>The '''<u>She-bang Line</u>man'''<ul><li>Forces shell script command can provide information on how to run in use a specific Shellcommand</li><libr>Must be at beginning of first line (egi.e. '''#!/bin/bashcommand usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''')<br><br></li></ul>, '''<u>Variables</u>command options'''<blockquote>, '''Environmentexamples''').<ulbr><libr>System# Issue the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-wide or weight:bold"global" variable>man man</lispan><libr>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</libr><li>Can view with command: You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''set &#124; morenumbered volumes'''.</libr><libr># Type the '''$SPACE''' in front key to expand variable move to valuethe next screen.<br><libr>Examples: How many '''USERvolume numbers''', are contained in the man pages (like '''PATHexecutable commands''', <br>'''HOMEgames''', or '''SHELLsystem administrator commands''')?</libr></ul></blockquote><blockquotebr>'''UserTIP:''' You can use the following '''short-definedcut keys''' within the man command to <ulbr>help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):<libr>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</libr><litable cellpadding="3">Examples:<brtr>''myVar&#61<th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;"my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''>Keyboard Shortcut<br/th>''read <th style="border-p "enter valuebottom: 1px solid black;" myVar''>Purpose</lith></ultr></blockquotetr><blockquotetd>'''Positional parametersENTER'''<ul/td><litd>Assign values with set command or shell script argumentsMove down one line</litd><li/tr>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</litr><litd>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?'''SPACEBAR'''<br/td></litd>Move one screen down</ultd></blockquotetr>'''<utr>Command Substitution</utd>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''<ul/td><litd>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.Move one screen up</litd><li/tr>Examples:<brtr>''file $(ls)''<brtd>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>'/pattern/'echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br/td><brtd>Search for Pattern</litd></ultr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><utd>if quit man utility</ elif td></ else statementstr></utable><br>'''# Press the letter <ulspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q<li/span>If a to exit the man command runs (even pipeline .<br><br># Issue the following Linux command like to grep to match) will be true (0)get help with the ls command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue; otherwise, false (nonfont-zero), thus can use with logic statements.weight:bold">man ls</lispan>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar &#124; grep "match"''<br># Navigate through the man utility for the ''then'ls'<br>''echo "Match"Linux command and note the ''<br>'option letters'fi''that correspond to the following descriptions:<br></liul><li>The "'''testuse a long lising format''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets "</li><li>"'''[ ]do not ignore entries starting with .''' is short-cut for test command " (args contained inside with spacesi.e. hidden files). The </li><li>"'''exitsort by file size''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value."<br/li>Example:<brli>"'''if [ $USER append indicator (one of */=>&#61; "root" ]|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)</li></ul><br># Exit the man utility for the ''thenls''command.<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" ''<br>&nbsp;# Issue the '''ls'exit1''command for <u>each<br/u>of those option letters you noted in '''step 5'fi''to see how this command differs for each option.<br></libr><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test optionsNOTE:''': The '''-gtman''',utility can be used with the '''-gek''', option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern<br>that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.<br><br># '''-ltPipeline commands'''can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing, <br>the output from the '''man -lek'''command, is sent into the '''grep'-eq''command to ', 'filter''-ne(i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8"<br>(The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands).<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.<br>''then''<br>&nbsp# Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;''echo "You get Good Markfont-weight:bold"''<br>''elif [ $grade man -gt 49 ]''k user | grep 8<br/span>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"''<br>How does this ''elsepipeline command''make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?<br>&nbsp;''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''# If you wish to change your password, you can change it by issuing the command: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</lispan><libr>For testing What option for file information, you the passwd command can use be used to change user info (such as name)?<br>'''-dHint:''' to test if directory pathname exists, and use the '''-fman''' if the file pathname exists. You can use command for '''!passwd''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]'NOTE:''' Do ''<br>'NOT'then''<br> run the ''echo "directory exists"passwd''command. Unique for this college, your Matrix password<br>is changed automatically when you change your ''fi'myseneca''' password.<br><br><br>''if [ ! # Press the letter <span style="font- f filefamily:courier;color:blue;font-pathname ]''weight:bold">q</span> to exit the man command.<br>''then''<br> You will now learn how to perform '''command line editing'echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the ENTER key.</libr></ulbr>}}|}

Therefore, it makes sense Learning '''shortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to also have be more productive as a record of the installed computer software ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to as well: '''Linux sysadmin'''). This <br><br><br>Let's learn a few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can contain information regarding the Linux operating system, installed software, and network connectivity informationaccess online help for additional shortcuts (if required).

'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.]]# Study Type the following Linux commands command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and their purpose to note computer software information select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for your installed c7hostVMMac OSx). You should take <br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time '''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to issue each <u>left</u> of these commands to view the outputcursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and record this chart in your lab1 logbookpress '''ctrl-e''' to move to end of the command line.]]</td></tr></table># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key.What happens?<br><br># Login to your c7hostVM, open a Bash Shell terminal, and login as root by issuing Type the following command:<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br># Press the <bspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><codebr># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br>#3366CCPress the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-sizeweight:1bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination.2emWhat happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">su up arrow</span> key combination, and see what happens when you press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span>, <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;</codespan>and <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;</bspan>.<br>Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Make certain Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to '''clear the line.<br><br># Press the <uspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">record outputctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u>''' from these commands (except for the as opposed to '''ps ctrl-efl''' output) ?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in your lab1 logbookcase you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts]<br><br>'''Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''

These programs (known as Shell Scripts) will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections.<table cellspacing=br>Making corrections (i.e. troubleshooting) and re-running these checking programs until you are successful will help students<br>gain "0" cellpadding=hands-on"5experience as well as " width="50%" style="bordertrouble-top: thin solid black;margin-left:60px;"><caption>'''Linux/Unix System Information Utilities'''</caption> <tr valign="top>shooting experience.

<tr valigntable align="topright"> <td widthtr valign="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;top"><btd><code><span style="pointer[[Image:script-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;fontcheck-size:1.2em;">ifconfigpng|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</spantd></codetd></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer[[Image:script-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;fontcheck-size:12.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointerpng|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1run checking script.2em;">nslookup]]</spantd> (at prompt, enter command: server) </code></b></tdtable> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: '''IP ADDRESS'''If you have correctly completed the required tasks, the user can proceed. If the checking shell script detects an '''Netmaskerror''', '''routing''' (default gateway), and then it will provide feedback to allow the student to fix that problem so they can re-run the default '''Domain Name Server'''checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task.</td> </tr></table>

'''Perform the Following Steps:You may have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine.'''

<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbook.</li><li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory to store your shell scripts by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font!-size:1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li><li>Change to that newly-created '''bin''' directory</li></ol>

===Part 2:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!Performing Online Assignments ===

<ol><li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vim</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) In this investigation, you will learn to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:* '''Select the correct section''' for assignment submission* Perform the '''first section''' and '''3 parts of the second section''' of assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory.</li><li>Copy and paste the text below into * '''Verify''' that you successfully completed both sections* '''Exit''' your vi editing session for your file reportonline assignment #1.bash<br> (how do you copy and paste efficiently in Linux?)<br></li></ol>

<ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view '''Perform the following steps:'''report[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.txt'' contents (are you using tip that was given png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to save time?)Select Correct Course Section.</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from ]]# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<b><codebr><span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2embold;font-family:courier">ps aux~uli101/a1</span></codebr><br># Press '''ENTER''' at the "Notes" screen.<br></bbr> and # A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.<bbr><codebr><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2emred;">ifconfig'''WARNING''': You need to select the </spanu>'''CORRECT'''</codeu>section for the course which you belong to.</bbr> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember to redirect that output to add to the bottom of the file!If you do </liu>NOT<li/u>Saveselect your correct section, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</lispan><libr>What would be the use of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></olbr># Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.<olbr><li value="14"br>Here are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform # Select the same task. Although you are not require '''3 letter code''' corresponding to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended that you view the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examples.</liu>correct<li/u>The '''ULI101 <bu>section<code/u>wget''' and '''professor''' and press </codespan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</bspan> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><bbr># After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<codebr>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bashENTER</span>to proceed.</codebr></bbr>[[Image:assn-section-completion.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to View Which Sections Need to be Completed. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.</libr><libr>Verify that the file '''text-report.bashNOTES:''' was downloaded to your current directory.</liul><li>Assign read Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"You are currently registered to"''' followed by the '''section letter''' and execute permissions for '''instructor name'''. Double-check your course timetable to confirm that this file by issuing the commandcorrect section letter. If you have selected the WRONG section, type <span style="color:blue;font-weight: <bbold">C<code/span>in the menu selection area and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bashENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.</codebr></bbr></li><li>Run this Bash Shell script by issuing Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the command: <b><code><span style="color:due date for assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">Sections that are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue background'''. On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text (i./e not in reverse text-report).bash</spanbr></code></bbr>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed. ]]</li><li>Check If you want to see if verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the text '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it created a report in shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your current directorycorrect course section. What is the purpose of the report?<br><br></li><li/ul>Use # At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <bspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">vi1</bspan> text editor in the menu selection area to view begin the contents of the file first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.<br><bbr>text-report# When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">2</lispan>in the menu selection area and perform the first 3 parts only<libr>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr><codebr>wget# When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</codebr>View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this section.<br></bbr> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to downloaduse reference sheets for course evaluations, studyit is recommended to create one for your personal use, and run the following shell scripts on-line:write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https:q<//ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bashspan><br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash</spanbr># Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.</codebr>What do you notice?</bbr><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).</libr><libr>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.</libr><libr>You have completed lab1. # Proceed to Completing the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The Labmore practice questions you perform, and follow <br>the instructions better mark you will achieve for "lab sign-off"this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.</libr></olbr>

= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]

Shell scripting Here is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that link to the MS Word Document of ALL of the questions displayed below but with extra room to answer on the document tosimulate a student must download and run in order to check their work.quiz:

If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get a series of <b><code><span style="colorhttps:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1//github.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span><com/code><ULI101/b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;<labs/span><raw/code><main/b> message will appear with general suggestions that you will need to fix on your c7hostVM in order to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next labuli101_week1_practice.docx

:'''Perform Your instructor may take-up these questions during class. It is up to the Following Steps:'''student to attend classes in order to obtain the answers to the following questions. Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (eg. e-mail, etc).

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <span style="colorReview Questions:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''

= Practice For Quizzes# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''.# List alternative methods to connect to your Matrix account, Testsincluding if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computer or are running the '''Linux''' operating system.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application).# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''

[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]][[Category:CentOS 7]][[Category:SSD2ULI101]]