Changes

:* Understand the purpose of Directories'''directories''' and '''directory pathnames'''.

:* List Use common '''Common DirectoriesUnix / Linux commands''' that are Contained in a Typical to perform '''Unix / Linux Filesystemdirectory management'''tasks.

:* Use Common '''Unix / Linux CommandsText Editors''' to Perform '''Directory Management''' Tasks.create and modify text files

:* Use Common Unix / Linux commands to '''Text Editorsmanage''' to Create and Modify Text Files :* Use Common '''Unix / Linux Commandsmanipulate''' to Manipulate text filssfiles.

[[Image:directory-structure-1.png|thumb|right|350px|In Unix / Linux (as opposed to MS Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', or '''D:''').<br><br> All files and directories appear under a single ancestor directory called "the '''root''' directory".<br><br>A path points to a file system location by ]]To better '''following the directory tree hierarchyorganize''' expressed in a string of characters in which path componentsfiles (eg. text, images, documents, spreadsheets, separated by a delimiting characterprograms) within your Matrix account, represent each directory. The they should be stored in '''delimiting characterdirectories''' is most commonly the slash ("'''/'''").]]The UnixTo further organize <u>many</Linux file system is '''hierarchical'''u> files, similar to other operating systems such asdirectories<br>may contain '''Windows''', '''Mac OSX''', etc.Files are organized in '''sub-directories'''. Directories may contain sub-directories.

The Unix/Linux file system is '''hierarchical''', like other operating systems such as '''Windows''', '''Mac OSX''', etc.In Unix / Linux (as opposed to MS Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', or '''D:'''). <br>All files and directories appear under a single ancestor directory called the "'''root directory'''".

Learning how to issue Linux commands for '''navigating the Linux filesystem ''' and '''manipulating ''' directory and files within the the Linux filesystem are '''essential skills''' for Linux users and Linux system administrators(i.e. ''sysadmins'').

In the Linux (Unix) OS, the "'''root directory'''" / is the starting directory, and other "''child directories''", "'''grandchild directories'''", etc. can be created when as required. The hierarchical structure resembles an "''upside-down tree''". There is actually a command called '''tree''' that can display displays a "'''directory tree diagram'''"!

<i>A '''pathname''' is used to specify a the location of a file within the file system.<br>A pathname points to a file system location by '''following the directory tree hierarchy''' expressed in a string of characters in which path components, separated by a delimiting character, represent each directory. The '''delimiting character''' is most commonly the slash ("'''/'''").</i> Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing)  The following table displays and defines '''commonly used directories'''<br>(listed by directory pathname) for for ALL Unix / Linux Filesystems:<br>

When you log into your Matrix account, you are automatically directed to your '''home''' directory. <br>This directory is where the user can store files, and create subdirectories to organize their files.

<span style=INVESTIGATION 1"color: MANAGING DIRECTORIES=red;">'''ATTENTION''': Depending on your ULI101 instructor, you may be required to complete this tutorial for '''marks''' in this course.<br>Please refer to your instructor's course notes and lecture notes regarding evaluation for this course.<br><br>The due date for successfully completing this tutorial (i.e. '''tutorial 2''') is by '''Friday by midnight''' next week (i.e. '''Week 3''').<br>If your instructor has NOT assigned marks for completing this tutorial, you can perform it for '''practice'''.</span><br><br>

<br>In this investigation, you will learn how to '''create''', '''navigate''', '''list directory contents''' and '''remove''' directories in your Matrix account.

Before you learn how to create directories, it is important to understand what represents an appropriate '''directory filename'''.

[[Image:directory-structure-3.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Tree Diagram''' of Directory Structure to Create in your '''Home ''' Directory (displayed in blue text).]]Creating subdirectories within your home directory makes it more '''efficient''' to <br>save and access files on your Linux server. A comparison would be rooms in a '''house'''. If there were no rooms, just one large room in a 3,000 square foot house, it would be "messy" and difficult to locate items. Each '''room''' in a house is used to for a specific purpose to be more productive to perform a task such as a kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, etc.  You would like to create a directory structure within your home directory as displayed in the diagram on the right aide.

As previously mentioned, You will be creating the '''rootfollowing ''' directory is the "'''starting point'''" in the Matrix file system and structure'''within your userid''' contained within the '''/home''' directory represents '''<u>'''YOUR'''</ubr> home directory''' where you can create files (both directory files, text files, etcrefer to diagram on the right side).

# '''Login''' to your matrix account.<br><br># Issue a command to '''confirm''' that you are located in your home directory<br>(You should know how to do this from the previous tutorial).<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir uli101</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should always confirm that you have created a directory.<br>This can be done by issuing the ls command.<br><br>[[Image:directory-structure-4.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Creating''' and '''Confirming''' the Creation For several of a Directory.]]# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls uli101</span><br><br>There are no contents that are contained in this newly-created directory; thereforecommands, no contents appear. A useful option ''you will be using '-d''' can be used to confirm that the actual <u>directoryyour</u> has been created as opposed to viewing the contents of the directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -d uli101</span><br><br>You should now see just the directory listed. You can also combine the '''-d''' and Seneca username'''-l''' options to provide more detail regarding the newly-created directory.<br><br># Issue replace the following Linux commandtext:<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -d -l uli101</span><br><br>How can you confirm from the output of this command that the file uli101 is a directory?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command:<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld uli101</span><br><br>Is the output from this command the same was the output from the previous command?<br>If so, what does this say about how to use multiple options for Linux commands?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the '''acp100''' and '''xyz100''' directories: <span style="color:blue;fontyour-weight:bold;fontseneca-family:courier;">mkdir acp100 xyz100</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can create multiple directories by issuing the '''mkdirid''' command with <u>multiple arguments</u>.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm that those directories have been created: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld acp100 xyz100</span><br><br># We will now create the subdirectories that are contained in the '''uli101''' directory.<br>Issue the following Linux command to move to the '''uli101''' directory: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd uli101</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that your current location is in the uli101 directorypathname.<br>You should know how to issue this command from a previous tutorial.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the directories called '''notes'''For example, if your Seneca user ID was '''tutorialsmkhan''' and '''examples''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir notes tutorials examples</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that those directories have been created<br>(then you should already know how to do this).would display<br><br>#This technique is considered to be '''inefficient'''. There are options and ways to create the same directory structure without using the cd command and only issue a single Linux command.<br><br>Using this inefficient method tends to show that you are a novice or "'''newbie'''", and you may '''lose marks''' if you issue multiple Linux commands to performed tasks that can be performed using only a single Linux command.<br><br>Although we will teach you how to '''remove''' directories and their contents in a future section, let's change back to your 'pathname ''/home''' directory and issue a command to '''remove the directory structure''' that you just created so you can learn a more efficient method of creating the same directory structure.<br><br># Issue Linux commands to move to /your home directory and confirm that your current directory is your home directory<br>(You should know how to do this).<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to remove all of the directories that you have created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm seneca-r uli101 acp100 xyz100</span><br><br>id'''NOTEas:''' You will learn how to '''safely''' remove directories and their contents in another section.<br><br># Issue the following single Linux command to create the entire directory structure:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir -p uli101/notes uli101/tutorials uli101home/examples acp100 xyz100</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' The '''-pmkhan''' option allows "parent" directories to be automatically created first to then create their subdirectories.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm that all of the directories have been created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld uli101 uli101/notes uli101/tutorials uli101/examples acp100 xyz100</span><br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/scripts~uli101/week2-check-1</span><br><br># If you encounter errors, then view the feedback to make corrections, and then re-run the checking script. If you receive a congratulation message that there are no errors, then proceed to the next sectionpart.

Now that you have learned how to efficiently create your directory structure, you will now learn how to issue Linux commands <br>to '''view directory contents''' as well as '''copy''' and '''move''' directories.

# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should see the directory structure that you created in the previous sectioninvestigation. You can also issue the '''tree ''' command using a directory pathname to display the directory structure for a specific scope.<br><br>You can also use the '''-R''' option for the '''ls ''' command to display all directories and subdirectories for a specified directory path (referred to as a '''recursive directory listing''').<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -lR</span><br><br>What directories do you see?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -lR uli101uli101xxx</span><br><br>Note the differences between both of these commands(i.e. using and <u>not</u> using a pathname).<br><br>You can copy and move entire directories (and their contents) to other directories.<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:directory-structure-7.png|thumb|right|250px|Output of the '''tree''' command to confirm copy of '''uli101uli101xx''' directory (and contents) to the '''xyzxyz100xx''' directory.]]</td><td>[[Image:directory-structure-8.png|thumb|right|300px|Output of the '''tree''' command to confirm movement of '''acp100 directory''' directory (and contents) to the '''xyzxyz100xx''' diredtory.]]</td></tr></table># Issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp -R uli101 xyz100uli101xx xyz100xx</span><br><br>#Issue the following Linux command to display the directory structure of your home directory to confirm you copied the uli101 uli101xx directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree</span><br><br><br><br><br><br># Issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mv acp100 acp100xx xyz100xyz100xx/uli101uli101xx/tutorials</span><br><br>#Issue the following Linux command to display the directory structure of your home directory to confirm you copied moved the uli101 acp100xx directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree</span><br><br>Let's download and run a checking script to see if you moved and copied the directories correctly.<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command run checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/scripts~uli101/week2-check-2</span><br><br># If you encounter errors . make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, and proceed to the next sectioninvestigation.<br><br>

In this sectioninvestigation, we will learn how to '''safely remove''' directories and their contents.

# Issue the following Linux command to remove the empty directory called '''uli101/tutorials''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rmdir uli101uli101xx/tutorials</span><br><br># Issue a command to confirm that you removed the '''tutorials''' directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to remove the empty directory called '''uli101uli101xx''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rmdir uli101uli101xx</span><br><br>NOTE: You should get an '''error message''', since the '''uli101uli101xx''' directory is '''NOT''' empty.<br><br>To remove non-empty directories, you can use the '''rm -r''' command.<br>The '''-r''' option stands for recursive, which can travel down the directory paths and their contents.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to remove the '''uli101uli101xx''' directory and its contents: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm -r uli101uli101xx</span><br><br># Issue the '''tree''' command to confirm that the uli101 uli101xx directory (contained in your home directory) and its contents have been removed.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To <u>safely</u> remove non-empty directories, you can add the '''-i''' option which will prompt the user if they wish to remove contents as it your travel recursively down a directory to remove directories and their contents.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command (entering "y" when prompted): <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm -ri xyz100xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should have removed all directories that you have created.<br><br>Let's download and run a checking script to see if confirm that you have correctly removed all of the those directories that you earlier created.<br><br># Make certain that your current directory is Issue the '''your home directorytree'''command to confirm that all of those recently created directories have been removed.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to run a checking scriptto confirm removal of those directories: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/scripts~uli101/week2-check-3</span><br><br># If you encounter errors , make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, and proceed to the next INVESTIGATION.<br><br>

<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:nano-text-editor-1.png|thumb|right|250px|The '''Nano Text Editor''' is Easy to Operate for Novice Users.]]</td><td>[[Image:vi-text-editor-1.png|thumb|right|300px|The Vi '''vi Text Editor''', although taking longer to master, has outstanding features and allow the user to be more productivewith editing text files.]]</td></tr></table>

Since IT students will be working in the Unix / Linux command line environment, it is useful to learn a least a couple of two common command-line '''text editors'''.

Although '''programming students''' can use '''graphical IDE's''' to code and compile programs, they can '''create source code''' using a text editor in the Linux system, and '''compile their source code''' in the '''Matrix''' server to generate executable programs (without having to transfer them for compilation or execution).

'''Networking and Tech Support students''' would find can use a text editor useful to '''edit configuration files'''. These students in upper grades will become familiar with the process of installing, configuring, and running network services and text editors are an important tools<br>to help setup but also "tweak" or make '''periodic changes in networking services configuration'''.

A general rule is for a student to '''expose themselves to a number of different text editors and then use one that they feel most comfortable working with'''. The two most readily-available command line text editors in Linux are '''Nano''' and '''vi'''. <br>The Nano text editor would seem like an easier-to-use text editor, but vi (although taking longer to learn) <br>has outstanding features and allow the user to be more productivewith editing text files.

# Make certain that you are located in your home directory.<br><br>[[Image:directory-structure-10.png|right|150px|thumb|]]# '''Create ''' the following directory structure (displayed on the right side) by issuing a '''single Linux command '''<br>(You should know how to perform do this taskfrom the previous INVESTIGATION).<br><br># Issue a Linux command to check that you correctly created those directories.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to edit a text file called '''mytext.txt''' in the '''linux/practice''' directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">nano uli101textedit/practice/mytext.txt</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' When using the '''Nano''' text editor, you are placed in '''INPUT''' mode, so you can enter text immediately.<br><br>[[Image:nano-text-editor-2.png|right|400px|thumb|Enter the following text that appears in this diagram.]]# Enter the lines shown in the other diagram of the nano text editor on the right side.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Refer to the table below for a list of the most <br>common '''Nano ''' navigation &amp; editing commands:<br><br><table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard CombinationKey(s)</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><trvalign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;SPACEBAR&gt;''',<br>'''&lt;esc&gt;&lt;6&gt;'''</td><td>Move forward /backward one word</td></tr><trvalign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;a&gt;''',<br>'''&lt;escctrl&gt;&lt;SPACEBARe&gt;'''</td><td>Move back one wordto beginning/end of line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;k&gt;'''</td><td>Cut line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;esc&gt;^6'''</td><td>Copy Line ('''Note</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">''' to get '''^''' character, type '''&lt;shiftctrl&gt;&lt;u&gt;6''', <u>not</utd> <ctrltd>)Paste Cut/Copied Text</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;ug&gt;'''</td><td>Paste Cut/Copied TextDisplay help screen (ctrl-x to exit help screen)</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;gx&gt;'''</td><td>Display help screen (ctrl-x to Save editing changes and exit help screen)</td></tr></table><br>

# To '''save''' your editing session, press: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;x&gt;</span><br><br># You will be prompted to modify your file: type the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">y</span> for '''yyes''' for yes.<br><br># The name of the file will be displayed: press , Press <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ENTER</span>.to save editing changes for that file name.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' This prompt for file name allows you to change the name of the file if you wish.<br>By pressing '''ENTER''', it will accept the default filename.<br><br># Practice Perform some more editing operations based on the file ( using the command in editing chart above.<br><br># '''Save'step 2'' ) and perform more editing operations,<br>and then save your editing session and '''exit ''' your text editor.<br><br>

You will now learn basic editing skills using the '''vi''' ('''vim''') text editor including <br>'''creating''', '''editing''', and '''saving''' text files.

The major different between nano and vi is that '''vi starts in COMMAND LINE mode'''. You need to issue letter commands to perform enter text editing or . Also you can press colon “: ” in COMMAND mode to enter last line mode to issue more complex commands.  '''NOTE:''' Refer to the table below for a list of the most common '''vi''' ('''vim''') navigation &amp; editing commands:<br><table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Combination</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''W'''</td><td>Move forward one word</td></tr><tr><td>'''B'''</td><td>Move back one word</td></tr><tr><td>'''dd'''</td><td>Cut line</td></tr><tr><td>'''yy'''</td><td>Copy Line</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;u'''</td><td>Paste Cut/Copied Text</td></tr><tr><td>''':help'''</td><td>Display help screen ('':q!'' to exit help screen)</td></tr></table><br> [[Image:vi-text-editor-2.png|right|250px|thumb|The online vi-tutorial provides users "hands-on" experience of using the vi text editor.]]An '''online tutorial''' has been created to give you "hands-on" experience on how to use vi text editor. It is <u>recommended</u> that you run this online tutorial in your Matrix account to learn how to create and edit text files with the vi text editor. 

#Read and follow the instructions in the tutorial. Eventually, it will display a '''simulated''' vi environment <br>and will receive stepprovide you with "'''hands-byon'''" practice using the vi text editor. As far as this author is aware,<br>there is NO "hands-step instructions on how to use this " tutorial for the nano text editorin this particular format.<br><br># When you have completed that section, you will be returned to the main menu. <br>If you want to get extra practice, you can select the menu item labelled "'''REVIEW EXERCISE'''".<br><br>

===Part 3: Manage / Manipulate Text File Content===It is recommended to try both text editors, and choose the text editor that you feel that is easier to use.<br><br>

===Part 3: Manage &amp; Manipulate Text File Content=== We conclude this tutorial by learning to '''manage''', '''view''' or '''manipulate the <u>display</u>''' file content without having to use a of text editorfiles.<br>This is HIGHLY ADVISED in case you only want to view contents and '''NOT ''' edit text file contents by mistakewhich can cause accidental erasure of data.

# Make certain that you are located in your home directory.<br><br># Refer to the following table of '''Text File Management commands Commands:'''<br><br><table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;" width="20%">Linux Command</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''touch'''</td><td>Create empty file(s) / Updates Existing File's Date/Time Stamp</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''cat'''</td><td>Display text file's contents without editing (small files)</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''more , less'''</td><td>Display / Navigate within large text files without editing</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''cp'''</td><td>Copy text file(s)</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''mv'''</td><td>Move / Rename text files</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''rm'''</td><td>Remove text file(s)</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''sort'''</td><td>Sorts (rearranges) order of file contents when displayed. Content is sorted alphabetically by default. The '''-n'''''Italic text'' option sorts numerically, '''-r''' performs a reverse sort</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''head''' , '''tail'''</td><td>Displays the first / last 10 lines of a text file by default. An option using a value will display the number of lines (e.g. <span style="font-family:courier">head -5 filename </span> will display first 5 lines, <span style="font-family:courier">tail -5 filename </span> will display last 5 lines).</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''grep'''</td><td>Displays file contents that match a pattern</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''uniq'''</td><td>Displays identical consecutive lines only once</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''diff''' file1 file2</td><td>Displays differences between 2 files</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''file'''</td><td>Gives info about the contents of the file (e.g. file with no extention)</td></tr><tr valign><td style="topfont-family:courier"><td>'''find'''</td><td>To find files matching specified characteristics:<!-- <table><tr valign="top"><td width="2030%">'''<span style="font-family:courier">find . -name "file*"</span>'''</td><td>List pathname of any filenames beginning with "file",<br>from the current directory and any subdirectories</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>'''<span style="font-family:courier">find . -size +50k</span>'''</td><td>List pathname of any files larger than 50 kb, from the current directory and any subdirectories</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>'''<span style="font-family:courier">find . -mmin -5</span>''' </td><td>List files modified less than 5 minutes ago</td></tr><tr> valign="top"><td>'''<span style="font-family:courier">find -P .</span>'''</td><td>Lists file pathnames in the current directory</td></tr></table> --></td></tr></table><br># Issue the following Linux command to create three <bru>empty</u># Confirm that you are located text files in your '''home''' current directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">touch a.txt b.txt c.txt</span><br><br># Use Issue the '''touch''' following Linux command to create the empty files called ''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -l a.txt''', '''b.txtc.txt</span><br><br>Check the size in the detailed listing to confirm that these newly-created files are empty.<br><br>[[Image:vi-screen-40.png|right|300px|thumb|Nano text editor containing numbers ''', and '''c.txt1 to 40'''<br><br>on separate lines.]]# Use the '''nano''' text editor to edit the empty file called '''a.txt'''. <br><br>Type the number "'''1'''" and press '''ENTER'''. On the second line, type the number "'''2'''" and press '''ENTER'''.<br>Continue entering increasing number values until you reach the number '''40''' on line 40<br>(refer to the diagram on the right).<br><br># '''Save ''' and '''exit''' your editing session.<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">more a.txt</span><br><br>Can '''NOTE:''' The '''more''' command uses the same navigation keys as with the '''man''' command<br>(refer to week 1 notes for reference). Try using keys that you view or at least used to navigate to see all of the contents?man pages.<br><br>What is the advantage of using the more command?<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">less a.txt</span><br><br>Is there any difference between the '''more ''' and '''less ''' commands?<br>(again press '''q''' to quit)<br><br>

# issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">head - 7 a.txt</span><br><br>What is the output from this command display?<br><br># issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tail a.txt</span><br><br>What is the output from this command display?<br>How would you issue this command to display only the '''last line ''' contained in that file?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">grep 2 a.txt</span><br><br>What type of output appear? Why did these lines appear (what do they all have in common)?<br><br>[[Image:end-of-line.png|right|200px|thumb|Edit the '''a.txt''' file and add to the bottom 5 new lines each consisting of the <u>same</u> text: "'''end of line'''".]]# Edit the '''a.txt''' file and add to the bottom 5 new lines each consisting <br>of the <u>same</u> text: "'''end of line'''" (refer to diagram on right).<br><br># '''Save''' your editing session and save changes to '''exit''' your filetext editor.<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">diff aa.txt b.txt</span><br><br>What was the Was there any output? Why do you think caused the result of this outputIf not, why?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">diff aa.txt c.txt</span><br><br> What reason would do you think is the purpose of this type of output occur?<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm aa.txt b.txt a.txt.bk c.txt</span><br><br>

# After you complete the Review Questions sections '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' to get additional practice, then work on your <br>'''online assignment #1''',<br>'''section 2''' labelled: "''Basic Unix Commands''" (parts '''4''' to '''6''')<br>in this section labelled:<br>'"''Managing Files''' " , '"''Accessing Files''' " and '"''Review Exercise'''".<br><br>

 For each of the following questions, use a pathname starting from the '''root''' directory (i.e. “/”).<br><br> [[Image:directory-structuretree-11diagram.png|right|350px|thumb|]]

# Write a Linux command to remove the '''concepts''' directory and prompt the user if they want to remove this directory’s contents.<br><br># Write a single Linux command to create the following empty files in the concepts directory:<br>'''myfile.txt'''<br>'''yourfile.txt'''<br>'''thefile.txt'''<br><br>

# Write a Linux command to sort the contents of a file called '''uli101practice/customers.txt'''# Write a Linux command to display the first 4 lines of a file called '''uli101practice/customers.txt'''# Write a Linux command to display the last line of a file called '''uli101practice/customers.txt'''# Write a Linux command to match a line containing the pattern '''Linux''' in a file called '''uli101practice/customers.txt'''# Write a Linux command to display unique occurrences of consecutive lines in a file called '''uli101practice/customers.txt'''