:* List and explain several '''addresses''' and '''instructions''' associated with the '''sed''' command.

:* List and explain several '''comparison operators''', '''variables''' and variables '''actions''' associated with the '''awk''' command.

|colspan="2" |Course Notes'''Slides''':<ul><li>Week 11 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [[Media:ULI101-Week11.1.pdf | PDF]] | [https://ictmatrix.senecacollege.ca/~murraychris.sauljohnson/ULI101/uli101ULI101-Week11.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 11 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [[Media:ULI101-Week11.2.pdf | PDF]] | [https://ictmatrix.senecacollege.ca/~murrayjason.saulcarman/uli101slides/ULI101-Week11.2.pptx PPTX]<br></li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |'''Text Manipulation:'''

| style="padding-left:15px;" |Man Pages'''Commands:'''

|colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''Brauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npU6S61AIko&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=14 Using the sed Utility]</li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV3XzjDYgJo&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=13 Using the awk Utility]</ul>

'''NotesHow it Works:'''

*The sed command reads '''all reads all lines in the input file''' and file and will be exposed to the expression <br>(i.e. area contained in within quotes) one line at a time.* The expression can be within single quotes or double quotes.* The expression contains an address (match condition) and an instruction (operation).* If the line matches the address, then it will perform the instruction.* Lines will display be default unless the '''address–n''', then it will perform the option is used to suppress default display<br>'''instructionAddress:'''.

* Can use a line number, to select a specific line (for example: '''5''Address')* Can specify a range of line numbers (for example:'''5,7''')* Regular expressions are contained within forward slashes (e.g. /regular-expression/)* Can specify a regular expression to select all lines that match a pattern (e.g '''/^[0-9].*[0-9]$/''') * If NO address is present, the instruction will apply to ALL lines

[[Image:sed.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Common instructions''' to take action if text matches an address.]]

*Refer to table on right-side for list of some <br>'''common instructions'''<br>and their purpose  '''Examples:''' <span style="font-family:courier;">'''sed -n '3 p' text.txt''' (print 3rd line)<br>'''sed -n '1-5 p' text.txt''' (print lines 1 to 5)<br>'''sed -n '4,7 p' text.txt''' (print only lines 4 and 7)<br>'''sed -n'/^Therefore/ p' text.txt''' (print lines that begin with the patterh "Therefore")<br><br>'''sed '/^#/ d' myscript.bash''' (remove comments at beginning of line)<br>'''sed '/exit/ q' text.txt''' (print all lines until line containing pattern: "exit")<br>'''sed 's/this/that/' text.txt''' (replace first occurrence of pattern "this" with "that")<br>'''sed 's/this/that/' text.txt''' (replace ALL occurrences of pattern "this" with "that")<br><br></span>

<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk options [-F] 'selection-criteria {action}’ file-name</span>

'''NotesHow It Works:'''

*The '''awk command reads '''command reads all lines in the input file''' and will be exposed to the expression (contained within quotes) for processing.*Expression The '''expression''' (contained in quotes) represents '''selection criteria''', and '''action ''' to execute (contained within braces) '''{}'''* if selection criteria is matched *If no pattern is specified, awk selects all lines in the input*If no then action (between braces) is specified, awk copies the selected lines to standard outputexecuted.*You The '''–F''' option can use parameters like be used to specify the default '''$1field delimiter''', (separator) character<br>eg. '''$2awk –F”;”''' to represent first field, second field, etc (would indicate a semi-colon delimited input file).*You can use the <br>'''-FSelection Criteria''' option with the awk command to specify the field delimiter.

* Action to be executed is contained within braces '''Patterns: Regular Expressions{}'''* The '''print''' command can be used to display text (fields).*You can use a parameters which represent fields within records (lines) within the expression of the awk utility.* The parameter '''regular expression$0''', enclosed within slashes, as a patternrepresents all of the fields contained in the record (line). *The parameters '''$1''', '''$2''', '''~$3''' operator tests whether a field or variable matches a regular expression *The … '''!~$9''' operator tests for no matchrepresent the first, second and third to the 9th fields contained within the record.*You can perform both numeric and string comparisons using relational operators *You can combine any Parameters greater than nine requires the value of the patterns using the Boolean operators parameter to be placed within braces (for example: '''${10}''','''||${11}''' (OR) and ,'''&&${12}''' (AND, etc.)*You can use use built-in '''built-in variables'''  (like such as '''NR''' or  or "record number" representing line number) with comparison operators  [[Image:awk<br>eg.png|thumb|right|300px|'''Comparison operators''' used with the '''awk''' command.]]''{print NR,$0}'Patterns: Relational Operators''' *The following operators (in the table on the right-sidewill print record number, then entire record) can be used with the awk utility to pattern searching. *Since those symbols are used within the expression, they are NOT confused with redirection symbols.

<span style="color:red;">'''ATTENTION'''Examples:Effective '''May 9, 2022''' - this online tutorial will be required to be completed by '''Friday in week 11 by midnight'''<br>to obtain a grade of '''2%'''towards this course</span><br><br>

<span style="font-family:courier;">'''awk 'NR == 3 {print}' text.txt''' (print 3rd line)<br>'''awk 'NR >= 1 && NR <= 5 {print}' text.txt''' (print lines 1 to 5)<br>'''awk '/NOTE:/ {print]' text.txt''' (print lines that contain the pattern: "NOTE:")<br><br>'''awk -F";" '$1 ~ /ford/ {print}' cars.dat''' (print records (of semi-colon delimited file) whose 1st field matches: "ford")<br>'''awk -F";" '$1 ~ /ford/ {print $2,$4}' cars.dat''' (same as above, but only print 2nd and 4th fields)<br><br></span> =INVESTIGATION 1: USING THE SED UTILITY= <br>In this sectioninvestigation, you will learn how to manipulate text using the '''sed''' utility.

# '''Login''' to your matrix account.<br><br># Issue a command to '''and confirm''' you are located in your '''home''' directory.<br><br># Issue the following linux a Linux command (to create a directory called '''copy and pastesed''' to save time):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"br># Issue a Linux command to <u>wget change<nowiki/u>https://ictto the '''sed''' directory and confirm that you are located in the '''sed''' directory.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/data.txt</nowiki></span><br<br><br># Issue the '''more''' command following Linux command to quickly view the contents of download the '''data.txt''' file.<br>When finished, exit the more command by pressing the letter ('''copy and paste''' to save time):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">qwget </spannowiki>https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/data.txt<br/nowiki><br/span><br><br># The Issue the '''pmore''' command in sed is used to print or display quickly view the contents of a text the '''data.txt''' file.<br>Issue When finished, exit the following linux more command:<br>by pressing the letter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed 'p' data.txt<q</span><br><br>You should notice that each line appears [[Image:sed-1.png|thumb|right|300px|Issuing the '''twicep'''. The reason why standard output appears twice is that the sed command (instruction without using the '''-n option''') displays all option (to suppress original output) will display lines regardless if they had been specified as a patterntwice.]]<br><br># Issue The '''p''' instruction with the following linux '''sed''' command:is used to<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n 'p' data.txt | tee sed-1'print''' (i.e. ''display'') the contents of a text file.txt</spanbr><br># Issue the following Linux command:<br>What do you notice?<br><br>You can specify an address (line #, line #s or range of line #s) when using the sed utility<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed 'p' data.txt<br/span><br># Issue the following linux command:<br><span style="color'''NOTE:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '1 p' dataYou should notice that each line appears twice'''.txt | tee sed-2.txt</span><br><br>You should see The reason why standard output appears twice is that the first line of the text file displayed.sed command<br><br(without the '''-n option''') displays all lines regardless of an address used.<br># Issue the following linux command:<br>We will use '''pipeline commands''' to both display stdout to the screen and save to files<br>for <u>confirmation<span style="color:blue;font/u> of running these pipeline commands when run a '''checking-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n script''2,5 p' datalater in this investigation.txt | sed-3.txt</span><br><br>What is displayed? How do you change # Issue the following Linux pipeline command to display lines 2 to 5?:<br><br>The span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n 'p''s''' command is used to substitute patterns (similar to method demonstratedin vi editor)data.txt | tee sed-1.txt<br/span><br># Issue the following linux command:<br>What do you notice? You should see only one line.<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed br>You can specify an '''address''2,5 s/TUTORIAL/LESSON/g' data.txt | tee to display lines using the sed-4utility<br>(eg.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice? View the original contents of lines 2 to 5 in the ''line #'', '''line #s'''data.txtor range of ''' file in another shell to confirm that the substitution occurredline #s''').<br><br>The '''q''' # Issue the following Linux pipeline command terminates or '''quits''' the execution of the :<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed utility as soon as it read in a particular line or matching pattern-n '1 p' data.txt | tee sed-2.txt</span><br><br># Issue You should see the first line of the following linux command:text file displayed.<br>What other command is used to only display the first line in a file?<span style="colorbr><br>[[Image:blue;fontsed-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">2.png|thumb|right|500px|Using the sed command to display a '''range''11 q' dataof lines.txt | sed-5.txt</span>]]# Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><br>What did you notice?<brspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"><brsed -n '2,5 p' data.txt | tee sed-3.txt</span>You can use regular expressions to select lines that match a pattern. The rules remain <br><br>What is displayed? How would you modify the same for using regular expressions as demonstrated in lab8 except sed command to display the regular expression must be contained within delimiters such as the forward slash "/" when using the sed utility.<brline range 10 to 50?<br><br>The '''s''' instruction is used to '''substitute''' text<br># Issue the following linux command:<br><span style="color(a similar to method was demonstrated in the vi editor in tutorial 9).<br><br># Issue the following Linux pipeline command:blue;<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '2,5 s/^TheTUTORIAL/LESSON/ pg' data.txt<| tee sed-4.txt | more</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># Issue View the following linux command:<original contents of lines 2 to 5 in the '''data.txt''' file<br>in another shell to confirm that the substitution occurred.<span style="colorbr><br>[[Image:blue;fontsed-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">3.png|thumb|right|500px|Using the sed command with the '''-n q''/d$/ p' data.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>The option to display up to a line number, then quit.]]The '''q''' instruction terminates or '''sedquits''' the execution of the sed utility can also be used as soon as it is read in a filter to manipulate text that was generated from linux commandsparticular line or matching pattern.<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls | sed -n '/11 q' data.txt | tee sed-5.txt$/ p'</span><br><br>What did you notice?How many lines were displayed<br>before the sed command exited?<br># Issue the following linux pipeline command:<br<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">who | sed -n You can use '''regular expressions'''/^[to select lines that match a-m]/ p' | morepattern. In fact,</spanbr>the sed command was one of the <bru>first<br/u>What did you noticeLinux commands that used regular expression.<br><br>The rules remain the same for using regular expressions as demonstrated in '''tutorial 9'''<br>except the regular expression must be contained within '''forward slashes'''<br>(eg. <span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">/regexp/</span> ).<br><br>[[Image:sed-4.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the sed command using regular expressions with '''anchors'''.]]# Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '/^The/ p' data.txt | tee sed-6.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '/d$/ p' data.txt | tee sed-7.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>The '''sed''' utility can also be used as a '''filter''' to manipulate text that<br>was generated from Linux commands.<br><br>[[Image:sed-5.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the sed command with '''pipeline''' commands.]]# Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">who | sed -n '/^[a-m]/ p' | tee sed-8.txt | more</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls | sed -n '/txt$/ p' | tee sed-9.txt</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Issue the following to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">~uli101/week11-check-1</span><br><br>If you encounter errors, make corrections and '''re-run''' the checking script<br>until you receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.<br><br>

In this sectioninvestigation, you will learn how to use the awk utility to manipulate text and generate reports. 

# Issue Change to your '''home''' directory and issue a command to '''confirm''' <br>you are located in your ''home '' directory.<br><br># Issue a Linux command to create a directory called '''awk'''<br><br># Issue a Linux command to <u>change</u> to the '''awk''' directory and confirm you are located in the '''awk''' directory.<br><br>Let's download a database file that contains information regarding classic cars.<br><br>

# Issue the '''morecat''' command to quickly view the contents of the '''cars.txt''' file.<br>When finished, exit the more <br>The "'''print'''" action (command by pressing ) is the letter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">qu>default</spanu>action of awk to print<br><br>The "all selected lines that match a '''printpattern'''" action (command) is the .<ubr>default</ubr> This '''action of awk to print all selected lines that match a pattern.<br>This action ''' (contained in braces) can provide more options <br>such as printing '''specific fields ''' of selected lines (or records) from a database.<br><br>[[Image:awk-1.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the awk command to display matches of the pattern '''ford'''.]]# Issue the following linux command all to display all lines (i.e. records ) in the "'''cars.txt" ''' database that contain matches the pattern (or "make ") called '''ford"''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '/ford/ {print}' cars.txt</span><br><br># Issue the following linux command all We will use '''pipeline commands''' to both display records in stdout to the "cars.txt" database that contain the make "ford":screen and save to files for <u>confirmation</u> of running these pipeline commands when run a '''checking-script''' later in this investigation.<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"br># Issue the following linux pipeline command all to display records<br>awk in the ''/ford/' cars.txt''' database that contain the pattern (i.e. make) '''ford''':</spanbr><brspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '/ford/' cars.txt | tee awk-1.txt</span><br>What do you notice?<br><br>What do you notice? You can use variables with the "print" action for further processing. We will discuss the following variables in this tutorial:should notice ALL lines displayed <bru>without<br/u>using '''$0search criteria''' - Current record (entire line).<br><br>You can use ''builtin'$1''' - First field in record<br>'variables''$n'with the '' - nth field in record<br>'print''NR''' - Record Number (order in database)command for further processing.<br> '''NF''' - Number of fields We will discuss the following variables in current recordthis tutorial:<br><br>For a listing of more variables, please consult your course notes[[Image:awk-2.<br><br>The png|thumb|right|400px|Using the awk command to print search results by '''tilde characterfield number''' .]]'''~$0''' is used to search for a pattern or display standard output for a particular field.- Current record (entire line)<br>'''$1''' - First field in record<br># Issue the following linux command to display the model, year, quantity and price '''$n''' - nth field in the "cars.txt" database for makes of "chevy":record<br><span style="color:blue;font'''NR''' -weight:bold;font-family:courier;"Record Number (order in database)<br>awk '/chevy/ {print $2,$3,$4,$5}' cars.txt'NF''' - Number of fields in current record</spanbr><br>For a listing of more variables, please consult your course notes.<br>Notice that a space " " is the delimiter for the fields that appear as standard output.<br><br<br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display all plymouths (plyms) by the '''model name''', '''year''', '''quantity''' and price and quantity:<br><span in the '''cars.txt''' database for makes of '''chevy''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '/chevy/ {print $2,$3,$4,$5}' cars.txt</| tee awk-2.txt</span><br><br>You can also use comparison operators to specify conditions Notice that a '''space''' is the delimiter for processing with matched patterns when using the awk commandthe fields that appear as standard output. Since they are used WITHIN the awk expression, they are not confused with redirection symbols<br><br> Comparison Operators:<br><br><br><br>The '''tilde character''<''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less than<br>'~''<=''' &nbsp;&nbsp;Less than is used to search for a pattern or equaldisplay standard output for a particular field.<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display all '''>plymouths''' ('''plym''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Greater than)<br>by '''>=model name''' &nbsp;&nbsp;Greater than or equal<br>, '''==price''' &nbsp;&nbsp;Equal<br>and '''!=quantity''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not equal:<br><br># Issue the following linux command to display display the car make, model number, quantity and price of all vehicles that are prices less than span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '$1 ~ /plym/ {print $2,$3,$54,000:<br$5}' cars.txt | tee awk-3.txt</span><br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"br>awk You can also use '''comparison operators''$5 < 5000 {print $1,$2,$4,$5}' cars.txt</span>to specify conditions for processing with matched patterns<br><when using the awk command. Since they are used WITHIN the awk expression,<br>What do you notice?they are not confused with redirection symbols<br><br># Issue [[Image:awk-3.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the following linux awk command to display display the car make, model number, quantity and price of all vehicles that are prices less than $5,000:results based on '''comparison operators'''.]]'''<br><span style="color:blue''' &nbsp;&nbsp;font-weight:bold&nbsp;font-family:courier&nbsp;">awk Less than<br>'''$5 < 5000 {print $1,$2,$4,$5}='' cars.txt</span>' &nbsp;&nbsp;Less than or equal<br><br>The symbol tilde '''~>''' is used to match a pattern for a particular field number.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Greater than<br><br'''># Issue the following linux command to display the car make, year and quantity of all car makes that begin with the letter ='''f':&nbsp;&nbsp;Greater than or equal<br><span style'''=="color:blue''' &nbsp;font-weight:bold&nbsp;font-family:courier;"Equal<br>awk '$1 ~ /^f/ {print $1,$2,$4}' cars.txt</span>'!=''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not equal<br><br>Compound criteria symbols can be used # Issue the following linux pipeline command to join search statements together<br><br>Compound Operators:<br><br>display display the '''&&car make''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(and)<br>, '''model'''||, ''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(or)quantity''' and '''price''' of all vehicles whose '''prices are less than $5,000''':<br><br># Issue the following linux command to list all "fords" that are greater than $10,000 in pricespan style="color:blue;font-weight:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:boldbold;font-family:courier;">awk '$1 ~ /ford/ && $5 > 10000 < 5000 {print $01,$2,$4,$5}' cars.txt | tee awk-4.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># After you complete Issue the Review Questions sections following linux pipeline command to get additional practice, then work on your display display '''online assignment 3,price''',<br>'''sections 4 to 6quantity''' labelled: , '''More Scripting (add)model''', and '''Yet More Scripting (oldfiles)car make''', and of vehicles whose '''sed And awkprices are less than $5,000''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '$5 < 5000 {print $5,$4,$2,$1}' cars.txt | tee awk-5.txt</span><br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display the '''car make''',<br>'''year''' and '''quantity''' of cars that '''begin''' with the '''letter 'f'''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '$1 ~ /^f/ {print $1,$2,$4}' cars.txt | tee awk-6.txt</span><br><br>[[Image:awk-4.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the awk command to display combined search results based on '''compound operators'''.]]Combined pattern searches can be made<br>by using '''compound operator''' symbols:<br><br>'''&&''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(and)<br>'''||''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(or)<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to list all '''fords'''<br>whose '''price is greater than $10,000''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '$1 ~ /ford/ && $5 > 10000 {print $0}' cars.txt | tee awk-7.txt</span><br><br># Issue the following linux command ('''copy and paste''' to save time):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">wget <nowiki>https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/cars2.txt</nowiki></span><br><br># Issue the '''cat''' command to quickly view the contents of the '''cars2.txt''' file.<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display the '''year'''<br>and '''quantity''' of cars that '''begin''' with the '''letter 'f'''' for the '''cars2.txt''' database:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '$1 ~ /^f/ {print $2,$4}' cars2.txt | tee awk-8.txt</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>The problem is that the '''cars2.txt''' database separates each field by a semi-colon (''';''') <u>instead</u> of '''TAB'''.<br>Therefore, it does not recognize the second and fourth fields.<br><br>You need to issue awk with the -F option to indicate that this file's fields are separated (delimited) by a semi-colorn.<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display the '''year'''<br>and '''quantity''' of cars that '''begin''' with the '''letter 'f'''' for the '''cars2.txt''' database:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk -F";" '$1 ~ /^f/ {print $2,$4}' cars2.txt | tee awk-9.txt</span><br><br>What did you notice this time?<br><br># Issue the following to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">~uli101/week11-check-2</span><br><br>If you encounter errors, make corrections and '''re-run''' the checking script until you<br>receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.<br><br>