Changes

:* Understand the process for '''planning''' prior to writing Plan and create a shell script.Shell Script

:* Understand Explain the purpose of a the '''she-bang line''' contained at the top of a shell script.

:* Setting Set '''permissions''' for a shell script and properly '''execute''' a shell scriptscripts.

:* Understand and use Use '''environment''' and '''user-defined''''''Bold text''' variables within a in shell scriptscripts.

:* Understand the purpose of Use '''control flow statementsCommand Substitution''' used with and '''Math Operations''' in shell scripts.

:* Use Explain the purpose of the '''$?''' exit status and the '''test''' command to test various conditions.

:* Use the '''if''' and '''if-else''' logic statement and the statements in shell scripts. :* Use a '''for''' loop statement within with a list in shell scripts.<br><br>

* [http://osr600doc.xinuos.com/en/SDK_tools/_Positional_Parameters.html#:~:text=A%20positional%20parameter%20is%20a,up%20to%20nine%20positional%20parameters. Positional Parameters]Commands/ Techniques

|colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|Brauer Instructional Videos:<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxEP-KUhOSg&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=5 Bash Shell Scripting - Part 1]</li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQepf9fY6cE Creating and Running a Shell Script]</li></ul>

 ''A shell script is a computer program designed to be run by the Unix shell, a command-line interpreter.<br> The various dialects of A shell scripts are considered script is a '''file''' that contains '''Unix/Linux commands''' and '''reserved words''' to be scripting languages.help '''automatic''' Reference: https://en.wikipediacommon tasks.org/wiki/Shell_script

[[Image:ipso.png|thumb|right|500px|An '''IPSO Diagram''' (INPUT, PROCESSING, STORAGE, OUTPUT) can be used to map-out and then list the sequence of steps to assist when coding your shell script.]]It is recommended to '''plan''' out on a piece of paper the purpose of the shell script.<br>You can do this by creating a simple '''IPSO''' diagram (stands for '''INPUT''', '''PROCESSING''', '''STORAGE''', '''OUTPUT'''). First, list the INPUTS into the script (eg. prompting user for data, reading data from file, etc), then listing the expected OUTPUTS from the script. You can then list the steps to process the INPUT to provide the OUTPUT (including file storage). Once you have planned your shell script by listing the '''sequence of steps (i.e. PROCESSINGcommands) in your script''', <br>you need to create a file (using a '''text editor''') that will contain your Linux commands.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Avoid using filenames of already existing Linux Commands to avoid confusion. Using shell script filenames that <br>It is recommended to include the a file extension that describes the type of shell for the shell that the script will run within is recommended.<br><br>

[[Image:shebang.png|thumb|right|200px|The '''shebang line''' <u>must</u> appear on the '''first line''' and at the '''beginning''' of the shell script.]]If you are learning Bash scripting by reading other people’s code you might Since Linux shells have noticedevolved over a period of time, using a she-bang line '''forces''' the shell script<br>that the first line to run in a '''specific shell''', which could prevent errors in the scripts starts with the #! characters and the path to the Bash interpretercase an older shell does not recognize<br>newer features from more recent shells.This sequence of characters (#!) <br><br>The '''she-bang''' line is called a '''shebangspecial comment''' and is used at top of your shell script to tell the operating systemrun your shell script<br>which interpreter to use to parse the rest of the filein a specific shell. Reference<br><br>'''NOTE: https://linuxize.com/post/bash-shebang/ ''' The '''shebang line''' <u>must</u> appear on the '''first line''' and at the '''beginning''' of the shell script,<br>otherwise, it will be treated as a regular comment and ignored.<br><br>

'''Setting Permissions &amp; / Running a Shell ScriptScripts'''

''Examples:''Example:<br><br><span style="font-family:courier;">'''chmod u+x myscript.bash<br>./myscript.bash<br>/home/username/myscript.bash<br>~/myscript.bash</span>

===Using Variables in Shell Scripts/ Parameters=== '''Definition''' ''<b>Variables</b> are used to '''store information''' to be referenced and manipulated in a computer program.<br>They also provide a way of labeling data with a descriptive name, so our programs can be understood<br>more clearly by the reader and ourselves.''<br>Reference: https://launchschool.com/books/ruby/read/variables

[[Image:environment.png|thumb|right|500px|Examples of using '''Environment''' and '''User Defined''' variables.]]Shell '''environment variables''' shape the working environment whenever you are logged in Common shell. Some of these variables are displayed via Linux commands in the diagram displayed on the right-side.<br>(you <br>You can issue the pipeline command '''<span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">set | more''' </span><br>to view all variables) .<br><br>Placing a dollar sign ('''"<span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">$''') </span>" prior to the variable name will cause the variable to expand to the value contained in the variable.

''<b>User-defined variables</b> are variables which  are variables that can be '''created by the user''' and exist be used in the session. This means that no one can access user-defined variables that have been set by another user,<br>and when the session is closed these variables expire.''<br>Reference: https://mariadb.com/kb/en/user-defined-variables/<br><br>Data can be stored and removed within a variable using an '''equal sign'''.<br>The shell script for '''readcustomized''' command can be used to prompt the user to enter data into a variable.<br>Refer to the diagram on the right-side to see how user-defined variables are assigned datapurposes.

[[Image:positional.png|thumb|right|220px|Examples of using '''positional''' and '''special''' parameters.]]A '''positional parameter''' is a variable within a shell program; its value is set from an argument specified on arguments contained in a shell script or using the '''set''' command line that invokes the program.Positional parameters are numbered and their values are accessed by using <br>a preceding "'''$'''" (eg. '''$1''', '''$2''', '''$3''', etc.). The positional parameter '''$0''' refers to <br>either the '''name of shell ''' where command was issued, or name '''filename of shell script ''' being executed. <br>If using '''positional parameters''' greater than '''9''', then you need to include number within braces.<br><br>Examples: '''echo ${10}''', '''ls ${23}'''<br><br>

[[Image:for-command-substitution.png|thumb|right|300px|Example of how a '''for loop with command substitution''' works.]]<i>'''Command substitution''' is a facility that allows a command<br>to be run and its output to be pasted back on the command line as arguments to another command.</i> Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_substitution<br><br> ''Usage:'' <span style="font-family:courier"><b>command1 $(command2)</b><br>or<br><b>command1 `command2`</b></span><br><br> ''Examples:'' <span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">file $(ls)<br>mail -s "message" $(cat email-list.txt) < message.txt<br>echo "The current directory is $(pwd)"<br>echo "The current hostname is $(hostname)"<br>echo "The date is: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y')"<br><br><br>'''Math Operations:'''[[Image:math-op.png|thumb|right|275px|Common Math Operator Symbols.]]In order to make math operations work, we need to convert numbers<br>stored as '''text''' into '''binary numbers'''.<br><br>We can do this by using 2 pairs of round brackets '''(( ))'''.<br><br>''Examples:'' <pre style="width:30%">num1=5;num2=10echo “$(($num1 + $num2))”15echo “$((num1-num2))”-5((product=num1*num2))echo “$product”50</pre><br> ===Using Control Flow Statements in Shell Scripts=== <br>

'''Control Flow Statements''' are used to make your shell scripts <br>more '''flexible''' and can '''adapt''' to changing situations.<br><br>In order to use control flow statements, you need to test a condition to get<br>'''TRUE''' (zero value) or '''FALSE''' (non zero value). This can be done two ways:<ul><li>Run a command to get the exit status (<span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">$?</span>)</li><li>Use the '''test''' command</li></ul><br>Refer to the diagrams on the right to see how to use the test command.<br><br>

The special parameter '''$?''' Is used to determine You CANNOT use the '''exit status''' of <span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">&lt;</span> or <span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">&gt;</span> symbols when using the previously issued Linux test commandsince these are redirection symbols.The exit status will either display a Instead, you need to use '''zerooptions''' (representing TRUE) or a when performing numerical comparisons.Refer to the diagrams to the right '''non-zerotest options''' number (representing FALSE). The test command can be used with control flow statements to control the sequence of a shell scriptand their purposes.<br><br>

You CANNOT use the '''>Logic Statements''' or '''<''' symbols when using the test command since these are redirection symbols. Instead, you need to use options when performing numerical comparisons.Refer to the table below for test options and their purposes.

There are A '''logic statement''' is used to determine which Linux commands<ubr>otherare executed basedon the result of a condition:</ubr> comparison options that can be used with the test command such as testing to see if a regular file '''TRUE''' (zero value) or directory pathname exists, or if the regular file pathname is –non'''FALSE''' (non-emptyzero value).

Refer to diagrams to the [[Image:logic-1.png|thumb|right involving some |210px|Example of the options used with using the '''testif''' commandlogic control-flow statement. Refer to the test man pages for a full list of options for ]]<br>There are several logic statements, but we will just concentrate on the if statement.<pre style="width:20%">if test condition then command.(s) fi</pre>

Refer to the diagram to the right for using the '''Logic Statementsif logic statement'''with the '''test''' command. <br><br><br><br><br>'''if-else statement:'''<br>[[Image:logic-2.png|thumb|right|210px|Example of how an '''if-else''' control-flow statement.]]

A Unlike using an ''if''logic statement, an '''if-else''' statement take '''two different sets of actions''' is used to determine which Linux commands to be executed based<br>based on the result results of a the test condition (i.e. TRUE (zero value) or FALSE (non-zero value)).<br><br>

<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:logic-1.png|thumb|right|250px|Example of using the '''if''' logic control-flow statement.]]</td><td>[[ImageExample:loop-1.png|thumb|right|250px|Example of using the '''for''' looping control-flow statement.]]</td></table>

[[Image:loop-1.png|thumb|right|210px|Example of using the '''for''' looping control-flow statement.]]''A <b>loop statement</b> is a series of steps or sequence of statements executed repeatedly <br>zero or more times satisfying the given condition is satisfied.''<br>Reference: https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/loop-statement-3

In this sectioninvestigation, you will learn how to create and run a '''simple Bash Shell script'''.

# Issue a command to '''confirm''' you are located in your '''home ''' directory.<br><br>We want to create a Bash Shell script to welcome the user by their ''username''. <br>Let's first provide some useful tips in terms<br>of look at selecting an appropriate name filename for the your shell script.<br><br># Issue the following linux command to check if your intended shell script namethe filename called '''hello'''<br>is already exists to be run automatically from the Bash shellas a command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">which hello</span><br><br>You The output from this command should notice indicate that the shell did NOT<br>find any directories that contained this filename that there is no output and could represent<br>a command; therefore, this shell script name can CAN be used.<br>On the other hand, if you wanted to create <br>[[Image:hello0.png|thumb|right|200px|Using a file called sed, then the '''which sedtext editor''' command<br>would indicate it is already being used by to add Linux commands in to the shell and that '''sedhello''' wouldn't be an appropriate shell script name to use.<br><br>]]# Use a '''text editor''' like '''vi ''' or '''nano ''' to create the text file called '''hello (eg. <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">vi hello</span>)<br><br>If you are using the nano text editor, refer to notes on text editing in a previous week in the course schedule.'''<br><br># Enter the following two lines in your shell script, replacing "your-username" with your actual name:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">clearecho<br>echo "Hello your-username$USER"<br>echo</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' The variable called '''USER''' is an '''environment variable''' that contains the <u>current</u> user's login name. If you wanted to share your shell script with other users, when they run the shell script, they will greeted by <u>their</u> username. ''Environment variables'' make your shell script adaptable by ALL users.<br><br># '''Save ''' your editing session and '''exit ''' the text editor (eg. with vi: press <br><br>Instead of issuing the '''bash'''command followed by your shell script pathname as an 'ESC'argument'', then type <br>let's simply run it by its filename. This is the most common method of running shell scripts.<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:no-execute.png|thumb|right|230px|An ''':wxerror message''' followed will appear when trying to run a shell script by name that does NOT have '''ENTERexecute'''permissions.]]</td><td>[[Image:hello1.png|thumb|right|150px|Output from running your '''hello''' shell script (YourUserID representing <u>your</u> username).]]<br/td><br/table># Issue the following linux command to run your shell script in your current directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./hello</span><br><br>You should notice an error '''ERROR message''' indicating you don't have permissions to run the file.To fix this, you need to<br>You need to first '''add execute permissions ''' prior to running the shell script.<br><br># Issue the following linux command to '''add '''<br>execute permissions for your shell script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">chmod u+x hello</span><br><br># ReIssue the following to run your shell script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./hello</span><br><br>Did your shell script run?<br><br><span style="color:red;">'''ATTENTION:''' Students might get FRUSTRATED when performing their '''assignment 3''' when their Bash shell scripts have errors.<br>One major cause is the the OUTPUT of their Bash shell script when run does not '''EXACTLY match''' the required output<br>for the '''correct''' Bash shell script.<br><br>This requires that you CAREFULLY '''read''' the requirements of your Bash shell script and create it to the EXACT specifications</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/myscripts/helloweek10-check-1</span><br><br># If you encounter errors, make corrections and '''re-run''' the checking script until you<br>receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.<br><br>::In the next investigation, you will learn to create and run shell scripts that<br >use '''variables''', '''positional''' and '''special parameters'''. You will also learn how to<br><u>add</u> a '''she-bang line''' at the top of a shell script to force it to run in a specified shell.<br><br>Proceed to the next investigation.<br><br>

=INVESTIGATION 2::In the next investigation, you will learn to create and run shell scripts that<br >use variables, positional and special parameters. You will also learn<br>how to add a '''sheSHE-bang line''' at the top of a shell script to force it to run in a specified shell.<br><br>BANG LINE / VARIABLES / PARAMETERS=

=INVESTIGATION 2: USING VARIABLES IN SHELL SCRIPTS = In this sectioninvestigation, you will add a '''she-bang''' line at the top of your shell script to force the shell script to run in a<br>specified shell when executed. You will also learn how to use '''variables''', '''positional ''' and '''special parameters '''<br>to assist you in creating adaptable make your shell scriptsmore adaptable.

# Confirm that you are located in your '''home''' directory in your Matrix account.<br><br>Let's run shell scripts <u>with</u> and <u>without</u> a '''she-bang''' line at the top of your shell script<br>to demonstrate why using a ''she-bang'' line should be included in a shell script to force<br>the shell script to be run in a ''specific'' shell.<br><br># Use a text editor to '''edit ''' the shell script called '''hello'''shell script that you created in the <u>previous</u> investigation.<br><br># Add the following line to the <u>bottom </u> of the file('''copy''' and '''paste''' to prevent ''errors''):<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">echo "The current shell you are using is: $SHELL(ps -o cmd= -p $$|cut -d' ' -f1)"</span><br><br># Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.<br><br># Issue '''FYI:''' This command displays the following linux command to change to '''name''' of the Bourne Shell (a different ''shell than '' that the default Bash):shell script is running in.<br>The command within <span style="colorfont-family:bluecourier;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sh$( )</span>uses a technique known as '''command substitution'''.<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux command to confirm you are in change to an older shell called the '''Bourne Shell''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">echo $SHELLsh</span><br><br>You should see the output of the command notice your '''shell prompt changed''' which indicates<br>that you are located in the Bourne Shella different shell.<br><br>[[Image:hello2.png|thumb|right|275px|Changing the Bourne shell and running shell script '''without''' a '''She-bang''' line.]]# Run Issue the following Linux command to run your shell scriptin the ''Bourne Shell'': <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./hello</span><br><br>What You should see that you are currently running the shell does script "'''sh'''"<br>which represents the '''Bourne shell script indicate is running?'''.<br><br>You should notice '''NOTE:''' Due to the fact that this script is being shells (and their features) have '''evolved''' over a period of time,<br>an error may occur if you include a '''NEWER shell feature''' (e.g. ''Bash Shell'') but run it in an '''OLDER shell''' (For example: the ''Bourne shellShell'').<br><br>Although your [[Image:she-bang-1.png|thumb|right|275px|Adding a '''she-bang line''' at the BEGINNING of the first line in you shell script should work, it is recommended to force your forces the shell script to be run in a that specific shell(in this case, the Bash shell). This helps prevent ]]You can add a '''special comment''' called a '''she-bang line''' at the BEGINNING of the <br><u>FIRST line</u> of your shell script encountering errors when to '''force''' it to run in the incorrect shell you want<br>(i.e. syntax not recognized in a specific for example: the Bash shell).<br><br>

# '''Insert ''' the following line at the '''beginning''' of the '''first''' line of your hello file:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">#!/bin/bash</span><br><br>This is referred to as a '''she-bang line'''. It forces the this script to be run in the '''Bash Shell'''. <br>When your Bash Shell script finishes execution, you are returned to your current shell that you are using (which in our case in Matrix, is still the Bash shell).<br><br>[[Image:hello3.png|thumb|right|275px|Changing the Bourne shell and running shell script '''with''' a '''She-bang''' line (forcing script to run in the '''Bash''' shell).]]# '''Save ''' your editing changes and '''exit ''' your text editor.<br><br># While in the ''Bourne shell'', issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./hello</span><br><br>You should notice that the shell name is running in the '''Bash shell''' (i.e. ''/bin/bash'').<br><br> It is a good idea to rename your shell script to include an '''extension ''' to <br>indicate that the file it is a '''Bash Shell ''' script file. <br><br># Issue the following linux Linux command to rename your shell script file:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mv hello hello.bash</span><br><br># Run your Confirm that the renamed Bash shell script for confirmation works by issuing:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./hello.bash</span><br><br># Enter the following linux Linux command to '''exit''' the ''Bourne shell'' and return to your ''Bash shell'': <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">exit</span><br><br># Issue '''Environment variables''' are used to set the following Linux command to confirm you have returned to environment of the Bash shell: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">echo $SHELL</span><br>or shell scripts<br>Let's use include some '''ENVIRONMENT variables''' in our Bash Shell script.<br><br>

# Add the following lines to the <u>bottom </u> of the ''hello.bash'' file:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">echo "The current username is: $USER"<br>echo "The current directory location is: $PWD"<br>echo "The current user's home directory is: $HOME"<br>echo</span><br><br># Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.<br><br>[[Image:hello4-0.png|thumb|right|330px|Running <u>modified</u> ''hello.bash'' Bash shell script by using relative pathname: <span style="font-family:courier;">''./hello.bash''</span>]]# Run your renamed modified Bash shell script for confirmation by issuing:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./hello.bash</span><br><br>Take time to view the output and the values of the environment variables.<br><br>You can modify the PATH variable to include the current directory (i.e. ".")<br>so you can run the command by just script filename<br>(eg. <span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">hello.bash</span> as opposed to <span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">./hello.bash</span>)<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux command to add your current directory to the '''PATH''' environment variable:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">PATH=$PATH:.</span><br><br>[[Image:hello4.png|thumb|right|330px|Running <u>modified</u> ''hello.bash'' Bash shell script by entering <u>just</u> '''filename''' (i.e. <span style="font-family:courier;">''hello.bash''</span> and NOT <span style="font-family:courier;">''./hello.bash''</span> shown in previous diagram).]]# Issue the following linux Linux command to confirm that the current directory '''"." '''<br>has been '''added ''' to the <u>end</u> of the '''PATH ''' environment variable:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">echo $PATH</span><br><br># Run Issue the '''hello.bash''' by just following to run your Bash shell script just by name (i.e. to not use :<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">hello.bash</ prior to shell script name).span><br><br>The Did your Bash shell script should run just by name.?<br><br>

# Re-run the '''hello.bash''' shell script by just using the name.<br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>The setting of the '''PATH''' environment variable only worked in the current session only.<br>If you exit the current Matrix session, then the recently changed settings for environment variables will be lost.<br>You will in a <u>future </u> tutorial how to set environment variables in startup '''start-up''' files.<br><br><span style="color:red;">'''ATTENTION:''' Students might get FRUSTRATED when performing their '''assignment 3''' when their Bash shell scripts have errors.<br>One major cause is the the OUTPUT of their Bash shell script when run does not '''EXACTLY match''' the required output<br>for the '''correct''' Bash shell script.<br><br>This requires that you CAREFULLY '''read''' the requirements of your Bash shell script and create it to the EXACT specifications</span>.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/myscripts/week10-check-2 | more</span><br><br>If you encounter errors, make corrections and '''re-run''' the checking script until you<br>receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.<br><br>Unlike '''Environment variables''' that are used to set the environment of the shell or shell scripts,<br>'''User-created''' variables are "customized" that the user can set or allow a user to set the variables' values.<br>Let's create a Bash shell script that contain '''user-created variables'''.<br><br># Use a text editor to create a file Bash shell script called '''user-variables.bash'''<br><br># Add the following lines to the beginning of this the ''user-variables.bash'' file:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">#!/bin/bash<br>age=25<br>readonly age<br>read -p "Enter your Full Name: " name<br>read -p "Enter your age (in years): " age<br>echo "Hello $name - You are $age years old"</span><br><br># Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.<br><br>[[Image:user-variable1.png|thumb|right|300px|Prompting user to enter data via the '''read -p''' command storing into '''user-created variable'''.]]# Issue the '''chmod''' command to add '''execute permissions '''<br>for the '''user for -variables.bash''' file.<br><br># Issue the following to run the user-variables.bash Bash shell script<br> (enter '''your Full name''' and '''your age''' when prompted):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./user-variables.bash</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Use a text editor to ''' filemodify''' your Bash shell script called '''user-variables.bash'''<br><br># '''Insert''' the following lines immediately <u>'''below'''</u> the '''she-bang''' line:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">age=25<br>readonly age</span><br><br># Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.<br><br>[[Image:user-variable2.png|thumb|right|330px|Trying to change the value of a '''read-only''' variable'''.]]# Issue the following to run the user-variables.bash Bash shell script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./user-variables.bash</span><br><br>What do you notice when you try to change the age variable? Why?<br><br>A '''positional parameter''' is a special variable within a shell program; its value is set from '''arguments''' contained in a shell script or using the set command.<br>Let's use '''positional parameters''' and '''special parameters''' in a Bash shell script.<br><br>

# Add the following lines to the beginning of this file:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">#!/bin/bash<br>echo \$0: $0<br>echo \$2: $2<br>echo \$3: $3<br><br>echo \$#: $#<br>echo \$*: $*<br><br>shift 2<br>echo \$#: $#<br>echo \$*: $*</span><br><br># Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.<br><br>Notice how the quoting character "'''\'''" is used to display positional parameters like "'''$2'''"<br>as opposed to the value stored in the <u>second</u> positional parameter.<br><br># Issue the '''chmod''' command to add '''execute permissions''' for the user for the '''parameters.bash''' file.<br><br>[[Image:parameter1.png|thumb|right|250px|Results from running shell script (with arguments) that use '''positional parameters''' and '''special parameters'''.]]# Issue the following to run the '''user-variables.bash''' Bash shell script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./parameters.bash</span><br><br>What happened?<br><br>The values for some of the ''positional parameters'' and ''special parameters'' may NOT be<br>displayed properly since you did NOT provide any '''arguments''' when <u>running</u> your Bash shell script.<br><br># Issue the following to run the user-variables.bash Bash shell script with arguments:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./parameters.bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>Take some time to view the results and how the ''parameters'' have changed when using the '''shift''' command. <br>  :In the next investigation, you will learn to use '''command substitution''' and '''math operations''' in your shell scripts.<br> =INVESTIGATION 3: COMMAND SUBSTITUTION / MATH OPERATIONS=<br>In this investigation, you will learn how to use '''command substitution''' and '''math operations''' in your shell scripts.  '''Command Substitution''' Command Substitution is a method of running a Linux command that provides '''stdout'''<br>that is used as '''argument(s)''' for <u>another</u> Linux command. ''For example:'' <span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">echo "The current date and time is: $(date)"</span>  Let's create a Bash shell script that uses command substitution that displays<br>'''text''' and values of '''environment variables''' in a series of <span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">echo</span> statements.<br><br> '''Perform the Following Steps:''' # Confirm that you are located in your '''home''' directory in your Matrix account.<br><br># Use a text editor to create a Bash shell script called '''command-substitution.bash'''<br><br># Add the following lines to the beginning of this file:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">#!/bin/bash<br>echo<br>echo "MY ACCOUNT INFORMATION:"<br>echo<br>echo "Username: $(whoami)"<br>echo<br>echo "Current Directory: $(pwd)"<br>echo<br></span><br>[[Image:commandsubstitution1.png|thumb|right|275px|Output of a shell script using command substitution.]]

# Issue the '''chmod''' command to add execute permissions for the user <br>for the '''parameterscommand-substitution.bash''' file.<br><br># Issue the following to run the '''user-variables.bash''' Bash shell script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./parameterscommand-substitution.bash</span><br><br>What happened?<br><br>The values for the parameters may not be displayed properly since you did NOT provide any arguments when running the Confirm that your shell scriptdisplays the correct information for your Matrix account.<br><br># Issue the following to run the user-variables.bash Bash shell script with arguments:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./parameters.bash 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8</span><br><br>Take some time to view the results and how the parameters are changed when using the shift command. What do you notice?'''Math Operations'''

In the next investigation, you We will now learn how to use control-flow statements this construct in order to allow your perform math operations for shell scripts to perform differently under different situations.<br><br>'''Perform the Following Steps:'''

# Confirm that you are located in your '''home''' directory in your Matrix account.<br><br>Let's demonstrate that the Unix/Linux shell stores numbers as ascii text<br>which can cause problems when performing math operations.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command from the shell:<br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">echo "1 + 2"</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># To demonstrate the need for the '''(( ))''' construct, issue the following Linux commands (using the ''math construct''):<br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">echo "$((1 + 2))"</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br>The <span style=INVESTIGATION "font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">(( ))</span> construct converted values '''1''' and '''2''' from ''text'' to '''binary numbers'''.<br>The '''$''' in front of the construct '''expands''' the result of the calculation.<br><br># Issue the following Linux commands demonstrating other types of math calculations:<br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">echo "$((2 - 3))"</span><br><span style="color: USING CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS IN SHELL SCRIPTS blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">echo "$((2 * 3))"</span><br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">echo "$((2 / 3))"</span><br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">echo "$((2 ** 3))"</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You may notice that '''dividing''' '''2''' by '''3''' shows a '''zero''' result. To perform decimal calculations would require<br>the use the '''awk''' or '''bc''' Linux commands (we will '''NOT''' cover that method to work with ''decimal numbers'' in this course).<br><br>You can use the ''math construct'' with variables as well.<br><br># Issue the following Linux commands demonstrating using the ''math construct'' with '''variables''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">num1=34</span><br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">num2=12</span><br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">echo "$((num1 * num2))"</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>You can create variables and assign them values in the ''math construct'' as well.<br><br># Issue the following Linux commands demonstrating using the math construct with '''variables''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">num1=5</span><br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">num2=3</span><br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">((result = num1 ** num2))</span><br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;font-weight:bold">echo "The result is: $result"</span><br><br># Use a text editor to create a Bash shell script called '''dog-years.bash'''<br><br># Add the following lines to the beginning of this file:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">#!/bin/bash<br>echo<br>dogFactor=7<br>read -p "Please enter your age (in years): " humanYears<br>((dogYears = humanYears * dogFactor))<br>echo "You age in dog-years is: $dogYears"<br>echo<br></span><br># Save your editing changes and exit your text editor.<br><br>[[Image:mathops1.png|thumb|right|275px|Output of a shell script with math operations using the '''math construct'''.]]# Issue the '''chmod''' command to add execute permissions<br>for the user for the '''dog-years.bash''' file.<br><br># Issue the following to run the '''user-variables.bash''' Bash shell script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./dog-years.bash</span><br><br>Enter <u>your</u> age to see what happens.<br><br># Issue the following to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/myscripts/week10-check-3 | more</span><br><br>If you encounter errors, make corrections and '''re-run''' the checking script until you<br>receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.<br><br>

:In this sectionthe next investigation, you will learn how to use '''control-flow statements ''' to make allow your shell script behave scripts<br>to perform differently under different situationsituations.<br><br>

<br><br>: Before learning about logic and loop control-flow statements, # Confirm that you need to first learn about issuing test conditions using the are located in your '''testhome''' commanddirectory in your Matrix account.<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux commands at the Bash shell prompt to assign values to several variables:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">course="ULI101"<br>number1=5<br>number2=10</span><br><br># Issue the following linux command to You can test a condition:conditions by issuing '''Linux commands / pipeline commands''' <u>or</u><br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">test $course = "ULI101"</span><br><br>The by using the '''$?test''' variable is used to store an exit status of the previously command issued (including the test command). If We will demonstrate using the status is '''zerotest'''command in this tutorial, <br>and then it indicates we will demonstrate how to test by issuing a TRUE value and if the status is '''non-zeroLinux command / pipeline command''', then it indicates in a FALSE value<u>later</u> tutorial.<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux command to view the status of the previously-issued '''test''' commandtest a condition:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">echo test $?course = "ULI101"</span><br><br>Based on its value, The '''$?''' variable is the result TRUE or FALSE?used to store an '''exit status''' of the <bru>previously-issued<br/u># Issue command (including the following linux test command to test another condition:).<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">test $course = "uli101"</span><br><br># Issue the following linux command to view the status of the previously-issued If the exit status is '''zero''', then it indicates a ''TRUE''testvalue and if the status is '''non-zero''', then it indicates a ''FALSE' command:' value.<br><span style="color:br># Issue the following Linux command to view the '''exit status''' of the previously-issued '''test''' command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">echo $?</span><br><br>The Based on the ''exit status'' value , is non-zero (the result ''TRUE'' or ''FALSE) since UPPERCASE characters are different than lowercase characters.''?<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux command to test another condition:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">test $course != "uli101"</span><br><br># Issue a linux the following Linux command to display view the value ''exit status'' of the previously-issued '''$?test'''. What is the result? Why?command:<br><br># Issue the following linux command to test a condition involving numbers:<br><span style="colorspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">test echo $number1 > $number2?</span><br><br># Issue a linux command to display Based on the value of ''exit status'$?'''. '''NOTE:''' You will notice that something value, is '''wrong'''.the result TRUE or FALSE?<br>The exit status '''$?''' shows a value is non-zero (TRUEFALSE) value, but the number 5 is definitely NOT greater since UPPERCASE characters<br>are different than 10lowercase characters.<br>The problem is that the symbols '''&lt;''' and '''&gt;''' are interpreted as REDIRECTION symbols!<br><br<br># To prove this, issue the Issue the following linux Linux command to test another condition:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls 10test $course != "uli101"</span><br><br>You should notice # Issue a file called "linux command to display the value of '''10$?'''". The incorrectly issued '''test''' command used redirect to create an empty file instead,<br> which indeed succeeded just giving a TRUE value!<br>What is the result? Why?<br><br>To prevent problems when issuing # Issue the '''following Linux command to test''' command when comparing numbers, you can use the following optionsa condition involving earlier assigned variables:<br>'''-lt''' (&lt<span style="color:blue;), '''font-le''' (&ltweight:bold;&#61font-family:courier;), '''-gt">test $number1 > $number2</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to display the value of ''' (&gt;), $?'''-ge<br><br>''' (&gt;&#61;;), NOTE:'''-eqYou will notice that something is ''' (&#61;), wrong'''-ne.<br>The exit status '''$?' '' shows a zero (!&#61;TRUE)value, but the number 5 is definitely NOT greater than 10.<br><br># Issue The problem is that the correct linux command to properly test both values:symbols '''&lt;''' and '''&gt;''' are interpreted as REDIRECTION symbols!<br><span br># To prove this, issue the following Linux command :<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">test $number1 ls -gt $number2l 10</span><br><br># Issue You should notice a linux command to display the value of file called "''''$?10'''".<br>You should notice that the exit status value is now FALSE which is the correct result.<br><br># The incorrectly issued '''test''' command can be abbreviated by the square brackets '''&#91; &#93;used redirection''' which contain the test condition within the square brackets. You need <br>to have spaces between the brackets create an '''empty''' file and assigning the test condition; otherwise, you will get exit status variable a test error.''TRUE'' value!<br><br># To generate a prevent problems when issuing the '''test error''', copy and paste command when comparing numbers,<br>you can use the following '''testoptions''' command:<br><span style="color:blue;font'''-weight:boldlt''' (&lt;font), '''-family:courierle''' (&lt;">&#9161;$number1 ), '''-gt $number2''' (&#93gt;</span><br><br>You should notice an test error message.<br><br># Copy and paste the following (correct) ), '''test-ge''' command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold(&gt;font-family:courier;">&#9161;; $number1 ), '''-gt $number2 eq''' (&#61;), '''-ne''' (!&#9361;</span>)<br><br># Issue a the correct Linux command to view the value of the exit status of the previously issued '''properly'''test''' command. You should notice that is works properly.both values:<br><br>'''Let's now learn about controlspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-flow statementsfamily:'''courier;">test $number1 -gt $number2</span><br><br>'''Logic statements''' are used # Issue a Linux command to create different paths or directions based on display the result value of testing conditions. In this tutorial, we will only focus on the '''if$?''' logic statement.<br><br># Use a text editor like vi or nano to create You should notice that the text file called exit status value is now ''FALSE'if-1.bash''' (egwhich is the correct result. <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">vi if-1.bash</span>)br><br><br>If you are using # The '''test''' command can be substituted by '''square brackets''' '''&#91; &#93;''' which contains the nano text editor, refer '''test''' condition<br>within the square brackets. You need to notes on text editing in a previous week in have spaces between the brackets and the course schedule.test condition;<br>otherwise, you will get a test error.<br><br># Enter To generate a '''test error''', copy and paste the following lines in your shell script:<br'''test''' command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">&#!91;$number1 -gt $number2&#93;</bin/bashspan><br>clear<br>num1=5The reason for the error was that you need '''spaces''' between the '''square brackets''' and the '''test condition'''.<br>num2=10<<br>if [ $num1 -gt $num2 ]# Copy and paste the following (correct) '''test''' command:<br>then<br>&nbspspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">&nbsp#91;$number1 -gt $number2 &nbsp#93;echo "Greater Than"<br>fi</span><br><br># Save your editing session and exit Issue a command to view the value of the text editor (eg. with vi: press '''ESCexit status''', then type of the previously issued ''':wxtest''' followed by 'command.<br>You should notice that is works properly.<br><br>Now that we have learned how to test conditions, let's learn about ''ENTER'control-flow''')statements.<br><br># Issue '''LOGIC STATEMENTS''' are used to create '''different paths''' or directions that the following linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:will take<br>based on the <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">chmod u+x if-1.bashu>result</spanu><br><of the '''test condition'''. In this tutorial,we will only focus on the '''if''' and '''if-else''' logic statements.<br><br># Run your shell script by issuing: Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called '''if-1.bash'''<span style=br>(eg. <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./vi if-1.bash</span>)<br><br>Confirm that # Enter the output indicated a correct result.following lines in your shell script:<br><br># Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called '''ifspan style="font-2.bash''' (eg. <span style="colorfamily:bluecourier;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">vi if-2.">#!/bin/bash</spanbr>)num1=5<br>num2=10<br>If you are using the nano text editor, refer to notes on text editing in a previous week in the course schedule.if [ $num1 -lt $num2 ]<br>then<br># Enter the following lines in your shell script:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;echo "num1 is less than num2"<br>fi</span style="font-family:courier;">#!/bin/bash<br>clear<br>read -p "Enter # Save your editing session and exit the first number: " num1text editor<br>read -p "Enter the second number(eg. with vi: " num2<br>if [ $num1 -gt $num2 ]press '''ESC''', then type ''':x''' followed by '''ENTER''').<br>then<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;echo "The first number is greater than [[Image:if-1.png|thumb|right|200px|Output of a shell script using the second number'''if''' control-flow statement."<br>fi</span>]]# Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:<br><brspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"># Save chmod u+x if-1.bash</span><br><br># Run your editing session and exit the text editor (eg. with vishell script by issuing: press '''ESC''', then type ''':wx''' followed by '''ENTER''').<<br><br># Issue the following linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:<br><span style="colorspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">chmod u+x ./if-21.bash</span><br><br># Run your shell script by issuing: Confirm that the output indicates a correct result.<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./if-2.bash</spanbr><br><br>Confirm that # Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the output indicated a correct resulttext file called '''if-2.bash'''<br>(eg. <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">vi if-2.bash</span>)<br>What happens when you enter a first number that is less than or equal to <br># Enter the second number? We will learn about if-else and if-elif-else statements following lines in a couple of weeks.your shell script:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">#!/bin/bash<br>'''Loop statements''' are used to provide repetition in a shell script. In this tutorial, we will only focus on read -p "Enter the '''for''' loop statement.first number: " num1<br><read -p "Enter the second number: " num2<br># Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called '''forif [ $num1 -1.bash''' (eg. gt $num2 ]<br>then<span style="color:bluebr>&nbsp;font-weight:bold&nbsp;font-family:courier&nbsp;echo "The first number is greater than the second number."<br>vi for-1.bashfi</span>)<br><br>If you are using # Save your editing session and exit the nano text editor, refer to notes on text editing in a previous week in the course schedule<br>(eg.<br><br># Enter the following lines in your shell scriptwith vi:<br><span style="font-familypress '''ESC''', then type ''':courier;">#!/bin/bashx''' followed by '''ENTER''').<br>clear<br>for 5 4 3 [[Image:if-2 1<br>do<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;echo $x.png|thumb|right|320px|Output of a shell script using the '''read''' command and the '''if''' control-flow statement.]]# Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:<br>done<br>echo span style="blastcolor:blue;font-weight:bold;font-off!family:courier;">chmod u+x if-2.bash</span><br><br># Save Run your editing session and exit the text editor (eg. with vishell script by issuing: press '''ESC''', then type '''<br><span style="color:wx''' followed by '''ENTER''')blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./if-2.bash</span><br><br># Issue When prompted, make certain that the following linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:'''first number'''<br>is <u>greater than<span style="color:blue;font/u> the '''second number'''. What happens?<br><br># Run the <span style="font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">chmod u+x for./if-12.bash</span> Bash shell script again.<br><br>When prompted, make certain that the '''first number'''<br># Run your shell script by issuing: is <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./for-1.bashu>less than or equal to</spanu>the '''second number'''. What happens?<br><br># Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called Let's use an '''forif-2.bashelse''' statement to provide an '''alternative''' (eg. <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">vi for-2.bash</span>)<br><br>If you are using the nano text editor, refer if the first number is less than or equal to notes on text editing in a previous week in the course schedulesecond number.<br><br># Enter Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the following lines in your shell script:text file called '''if-3.bash'''<br>(eg. <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">#!/bin/vi if-3.bash<br/span>clear)<br>for x<br>do# Enter the following lines in your shell script:<br>&nbsp<span style="font-family:courier;&nbsp;&nbsp;echo $x<brfont-weight:bold">done#!/bin/bash<br>echo read -p "blast-off!Enter the first number: "</span>num1<br><read -p "Enter the second number: " num2<br>if [ $num1 -gt $num2 ]<br># Save your editing session and exit the text editor (eg. with vi: press '''ESC''', then type ''':wx''' followed by '''ENTER''').<br><br># Issue &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;echo "The first number is greater than the following linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:second number."<br>else<span style="color:bluebr>&nbsp;&nbsp;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier&nbsp;echo "The first number is less than or equal to the second number."<br>chmod u+x for-2.bash<fi</span><br><br>[[Image:if-3.png|thumb|right|330px|Output of a shell script using the '''if-else''' control-flow statement.]]# Run Save your shell script by issuing: editing session and exit the text editor<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"br>(eg./for-2with vi: press '''ESC''', then type ''':x''' followed by '''ENTER''').bash 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1</span><br><br>How does this differ from <br># Issue the previous following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script?:<br><br>You will learn in a couple of weeks more examples of using loop span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">chmod u+x if-3.bash</span><br><br># Run your shell script by issuing:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./if-3.bash</span><br><br>Try running the script several times with numbers '''different''' and '''equal'''<br>to each other to confirm that the shell script works correctly.<br><br>'''LOOP STATEMENTS''' are a series of steps or sequence of statementsexecuted<br>repeatedly zero or more times satisfying the given condition is satisfied.''<br>Reference: https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/loop-statement-3<br><br>There are several loops, but we will look at a '''for''' loop using a '''list'''.<br><br># Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called '''for-1.bash'''<br>(eg. <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">vi for-1.bash</span>)<br><br># Enter the following lines in your shell script:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">#!/bin/bash<br>echo<br>for x in 5 4 3 2 1<br>do<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;echo $x<br>done<br>echo "blast-off!"<br>echo</span><br><br># Save your editing session and exit the text editor<br>(eg. with vi: press '''ESC''', then type ''':x''' followed by '''ENTER''').<br><br>[[Image:for-1.png|thumb|right|125px|Output of a shell script using the '''for''' loop with a '''list'''.]]# Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">chmod u+x for-1.bash</span><br><br># Run your shell script by issuing:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./for-1.bash</span><br><br># Use a text editor like vi or nano to create the text file called '''for-2.bash'''<br>(eg. <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">vi for-2.bash</span>)<br><br># Enter the following lines in your shell script:<br><span style="font-family:courier;font-weight:bold;">#!/bin/bash<br>echo<br>for x<br>do<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;echo $x<br>done<br>echo "blast-off!"<br>echo</span><br><br># Save your editing session and exit the text editor<br>(eg. with vi: press '''ESC''', then type ''':x''' followed by '''ENTER''').<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions for your shell script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">chmod u+x for-2.bash</span><br><br>[[Image:for-2.png|thumb|right|175px|Output of a shell script using the '''for''' loop <u>without</u> a '''list'''.]]# Run your shell script by issuing:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">./for-2.bash 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1</span><br><br>How does this differ from the previous shell script?<br>You will learn in a couple of weeks more examples of using loop statements.<br><br>Let's run a '''checking-script''' to confirm that both your '''for-1.bash''' and '''for-2.bash'''<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/myscripts/week10-check-4 | more</span><br><br>If you encounter errors, make corrections and '''re-run''' the checking script until you<br>receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.<br><br>