*Modify your firewall {{Admon/important|Prerequistites|This lab depends on changes made in several previous labs. You must have successfully completed labs 3, 4a, 4b, and 5 in order to allow NFS connections. NFS uses port 2049be able to do this lab.*Start your NFS server with the command service nfs start}}

===PART B: Setting up your NIS Server===*Install Below is the NIS server and client onto your f13 host PC yum install ypserv ypbind*Add the following line same diagram that we referred to over the bottom of the file /etc/sysconfig/network NISDOMAIN="example.org" YPSERV_ARGS="-p 783"*Edit the file /etc/yp.conf and set up your domain: domain example.org server 127.0.0.1*Edit the file /etc/nsswitch.conf and add "nis" to three lines: passwd: files nis shadow: files nis groupprevious 2 email labs: files nis

*Create the file /var/yp/securenets[[Image: host 127Email-servers.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 192.168.122.0png]]

*Enable and start Note the NIS password (yppasswdd) service.*Enable and start two globes in the NIS (ypserv) serviceabove diagram.*Enable and start Those globes represent the NIS map transfer (ypxfrd) service.*Verify Internet that your servers are running correctly with the following command: rpcinfo emails travel through in order to be received by an e-p*Now change to directory /var/yp and run this command make*Enable and start the NIS binding mail recipient. The '''smaller globe (ypbind) service.*Use the following command to verify one your NIS server workstation is working - you should see jokerconnected to) cannot be trusted to send mail messages unencrypted's password record. ypcat passwd*Add a new user named clown, with password "seneca99".*Run 'ypcat passwd' again. If you donThe 't see both joker's and clown's password records then cd to /var/yp and run the "make" command again.*Now modify your firewall larger globe usually involves inter-ISP traffic, often through an internet trunk line, so that the guest VM (client vm01) will it is also unencrypted, but it cannot be able to access your NIS server. Youeasily accessed by hackers, pen-testers, or evildoers'''ll have to open port 111 as well as port 783 (see step 2 above).

===PART C: Setting up your VM to be an NFS client===*Login to your VM guest (vm01) and enable and start your ssh server with these commands chkconfig --levels 2345 sshd on service sshd start*Use iptables to allow ssh connections to your VM guest machine.*If you still have autofs installed (from last week) then uninstall it (yum remove autofs).*Reboot your VM guest machine, login and use ifconfig to determine its IP address. *Log out of your VM guest.*From your Fedora host, ssh (as root) into your VM guest.*Edit your guestThere are ''s /etc/fstab file and insert this line 192.168.122.1:/home /home nfs defaults 0 0*Use the "mount -a" command to mount the /home directory.*Check that /home is mounted by running and recording the output of the "df -Th" command.*Install ypbind*Logout of your VM guest.===PART D: Setting up your VM to be an NIS client===*Open your VM guest graphical login window and login as joker.*Verify that joker is using the /home directory imported from your Fedora host.*Now modify your authentication to include NIS. You can do this by selecting System->Administration->Authentication from the GNOME menu. You'll have two important general truths you need to set the following: NIS server address (192.168.122.1) NIS domain name (example.org)*Now start the ypbind server with the command "service ypbind start".*Test your configuration with the "ypcat passwd" command. You should see both jokerunderstand about email encryption's and clown's password records. NOTE: Clown's record is coming from your Fedora host because there is no clown user on your VM guest.*Logout of joker and login as clown on your VM. NOTE: You may have to login as "other" if clown's name does not show up on the login screen.

:* '''Email (the way the vast majority of people use it) travels from SMTP server to SMTP server uncencrypted'''. :: That means that nothing sent over email is <u>truly</u> secure. But attempting to continually intercept SMTP server to SMTP server traffic is difficult and expensive, not worth doing for the little bit of money most of us have in our bank account. :* '''Email travelling over a LAN (especially Wifi, but any local network) is always encrypted'''. :: If e-mail traffic on a LAN was not encrypted, it would be easy and inexpensive to intercept (in order to obtain your username and password). These days, unencrypted connections from your client to your SMTP/IMAP/POP3 server very rarely exist. You see in our diagram that one of the SMTP connections is supposed to be encrypted (this is the one that would be "LAN" traffic) and the IMAP connection as well (this one is either LAN-like traffic or is connecting to localhost, which is a different scenario altogether). We're going to secure the two connections that we left to be in plain text previously. Unfortunately encrypting things is rarely a straighforward process. Fortunately we have a whole week to spend on it. ==Completing the Lab= Online Resources===* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security TSL, SSL Definition]* [https://www.e-rave.nl/create-a-self-signed-ssl-key-for-postfix Create a self signed SSL key for Postfix]* [http://wiki2.dovecot.org/SSL/DovecotConfiguration Dovecot SSL configuration]  == INVESTIGATION 1: GENERATING A SELF-SIGNED CERTIFICATE ==Answer According to Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security), '''Transport Layer Security''' (TLS) and its predecessor, '''Secure Sockets Layer''' (SSL), both of which are frequently referred to as 'SSL', are cryptographic protocols designed to provide communications security over a computer network. Normally (in production), you would need to pay a "certificate authority" to issue a '''certificate''' for you. That is essentially '''a "signed" public key''' that will tell strangers on the internet that your server is really yours (i.e. the certificate authority says so). There is an obvious problem with the previous statement but that is mainly how public key encryption works on the Internet today. We will be generating our own public keys, mainly in order to avoid paying for a certificate. We will not have enough time to get into the details of what all the following questionscommands do in this section. They are from [https://www.e-rave.nl/create-a-self-signed-ssl-key-for-postfix this blog post]. If you don't understand what the blog post refers to but would like to understand in more details, a good recommended book for interest, called Crypto by Steven Levy, provides a more in-depth discussion of encryption and security. The public key cryptography concepts in this lab are the same in a previous lab ([http://zenit.senecac.on.ca/wiki/index.php/OPS335_Lab_1#What SSH_Keys Lab1: SSH]), although the terminology is slightly different. A simple way to summarize the differences is::* The '''.key''' file is your full private key.:* The '''.crt''' file is your public key.  === Encrypting Postfix with Transport Layer Security (TLS) === '''Perform the following steps:''' #Let's start with the "sending" SMTP server we have on VM2. Run the following, replacing <u>andrewsmith.org</u> with '''<u>your</u> domain name ''': <source lang="bash">mkdir -p /root/postfix-keys /etc/ssl/{private,certs}cd /root/postfix-keysopenssl genrsa -des3 -out vm2.andrewsmith.org.key 2048chmod 600 vm2.andrewsmith.org.keyopenssl req -new -key vm2.andrewsmith.org.key -out vm2.andrewsmith.org.csropenssl x509 -req -days 365 -in vm2.andrewsmith.org.csr -signkey vm2.andrewsmith.org.key -out vm2.andrewsmith.org.crtopenssl rsa -in vm2.andrewsmith.org.key -out vm2.andrewsmith.org.key.nopassmv vm2.andrewsmith.org.key.nopass vm2.andrewsmith.org.keyopenssl req -new -x509 -extensions v3_ca -keyout cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 3650chmod 600 vm2.andrewsmith.org.key cakey.pemcp vm2.andrewsmith.org.key cakey.pem /etc/ssl/privatecp vm2.andrewsmith.org.crt cacert.pem /etc/ssl/certs</source> ::'''NOTE:''' Those commands will create a certificate, a certificate signing request, a certificate authority, and 9sign your certificate with your certificate authority.<br>This would be the same as in the real world except there you would contact a real CA, here you're making up your own. <ol><li value="2">Now, configure Postfix to use the generated certificate, by adding the following to your '''main.cf''' file:</li></ol> <pre># Settings to enable secure SMTP using my self-digit Seneca student ID?signed certificate:smtpd_tls_auth_only = nosmtpd_use_tls = yessmtp_use_tls = yessmtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/vm2.andrewsmith.org.keysmtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/vm2.andrewsmith.org.crtsmtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/ssl/certs/cacert.pemtls_random_source = dev:/dev/urandomsmtpd_tls_loglevel = 1</pre> === Setting Up and Testing Encryption with Thunderbird === '''Perform the following steps:''' #What Currently your Thunderbird is set up to use '''vm2.yoursenecaid.org''' for an SMTP server, with <u>no</u> security. Change that to use '''STARTTLS''' instead (you can change it under '''account settings --> Outgoing Server''').# We haven't set up any user authentication, just an encrypted channel;therefore, leave the '''authentication method''' at the value: '''none'''.#When you try to send an email Thunderbird will warn you about the self-signed certificate. You obviously know it's your certificate so you can tell Thunderbird to trust it:  [[Image:SMTP-certificate-warning.png]]  ::'''NOTE:''' Your message may look slightly different (This author, that created the diagram above, made a little mistake when generating the function certificate). <ol><li value="4">After you confirm that security exception, send another email to yourself and make sure you receive it.</li><li> Notice that from the user's point of view nothing is different. But if you were an evildoer trying to steal an identity (the difference is huge). Before it was trivial and now it's computationally prohibitive.</li></ol> === Encryption Dovecot with Secure Socket layer (SSL) === Now we will ensure that our '''Dovecot''' connection is secure, and enforce that policy. With SMTP, you will need to allow plain text connections since that is the only method to pass email from server-to-server. With IMAP, there is no server-to-server interaction, but rather only client-to-server interaction. The reason to have an unencrypted IMAP connection would be if your '''IMAP server''' and '''IMAP client''' were the <u>same</u> machine. '''Perform the following steps:''' # Let's start by generating a new certificate for Dovecot on your vm3 machine by issuing the following commands:<source lang="bash">mkdir /etc/nsswitchssl/{private,certs}openssl genrsa -des3 -out vm3.conf file?andrewsmith.org.key 2048chmod 600 vm3.andrewsmith.org.keyopenssl req -new -key vm3.andrewsmith.org.key -out vm3.andrewsmith.org.csropenssl x509 -req -days 365 -in vm3.andrewsmith.org.csr -signkey vm3.andrewsmith.org.key -out vm3.andrewsmith.org.crtopenssl rsa -in vm3.andrewsmith.org.key -out vm3.andrewsmith.org.key.nopassmv vm3.andrewsmith.org.key.nopass vm3.andrewsmith.org.keyopenssl req -new -x509 -extensions v3_ca -keyout cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 3650chmod 600 vm3.andrewsmith.org.key cakey.pemcp vm3.andrewsmith.org.key cakey.pem /etc/ssl/privatecp vm3.andrewsmith.org.crt cacert.pem /etc/ssl/certs</source> #What ::'''NOTE:''' This process is identical to what you've done for the vm2 certificate. In fact if your IMAP and SMTP servers are on the same machine you can share the certificate between them. In our case, they are not on the purpose same machine. <ol><li value="2">Next, we need to configure Dovecot to use this for encrypted connections and not allow any kind of plain text connections. Edit the '''10-auth.conf''', <u>and</u> '''10-ssl.conf''' files and change the following settings (note: these parameters already exist in those files, just find them and set them to the correct value):</li></ol> <source lang="bash">ssl = requiredssl_cert = <path_to_your_crt_filessl_key = <path_to_your_key_filedisable_plaintext_auth = yes</source>  <ol><li value="3">Now, we will disable normal imap connections, leaving only imaps (secured imap) allowed. Edit the '''10-p" option master.conf''' file and set the port number in '''inet_listener imap''' to '''0'''.</li><li>Your key/certificate doesn't have a '''.pem''' extension but they are PEM-encoded files. You can confirm that using the rpcinfo '''file''' command?. If you're interested, learning more about configuring Dovecot for SSL, refer to the following documentation: [http://wiki2.dovecot.org/SSL/DovecotConfiguration Dovecot SSL configuration].</li></ol> === Verifying that Mail Messages are Encrypted=== '''Perform the following steps:''' #Use the '''ss''' command to confirm you're only listening on the '''imaps''' port, and not the plain imap port.#ExplainNext, reconfigure your account settings in Thunderbird to use the '''SSL/TLS''' connection security with your IMAP server, leaving the password as '''Normal Password'''. ::'''NOTE:''' When you send your test email, you will get another warning because you're using a self-signed certificate on '''vm3'''. Make certain to authorize the exception. '''Record steps, commands, and your observations on this investigation in your own wordsOPS335 lab log-book''' == INVESTIGATION 2: INSTALL, CONFIGURE &amp; RUN WEBMAIL APPLICATION (Roundcube Mail) =={|cellpadding="15" width="40%" align="right" |- valign="top" |width="10%" | [[Image:Roundcube.png|thumb|right|200px|'''Roundcube''' webmail application Logo<br>GPL,<br> https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1772791]] |width="10%" |[[Image:roundcube-pic.png|thumb|right|300px|Screencapture of '''roundcube''' webmail application running in order to send and receive mail messages via a web-browser.]]  |} In the investigation, we will simply install, what configure and run the '''roundcube''' webmail application. '''Perform the following steps on vm1:''' *Perform a search on the roundcube application in order to access the website.*Either Download the "makezipped tarball" from their website from a direct link or use the wget command did in PART B step 10to download directly from a download link (This part may take some effort depending on the Sourceforge website).*Extract the "zipped tarball" and rename the generated directory that contains download source code to: '''webmail'''.::* Use the '''--no-same-owner''' option when extracting the tar achive to ensure that the files do not keep the original owner (who will not exist on your system).#Explain *Change the syntax/meaning ownership of the two records '''temp''' and '''logs''' directories so they belong to apache.*This service needs to be able to write to several directories ('''temp''' and '''logs''') that SELinux prevents write access to. If you are in a section that has SELinux set to '''enforcing''', run the following commands to let it know that apache should be allowed to write to files in those directories.<source lang="bash">semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_log_t '/var/www/html/webmail/temp(/.*)?'semanage fcontext -a -t httpd_log_t '/var/ypwww/html/webmail/securenets filelogs(/.*)?'restorecon -v -R /var/www/html/webmail</source>::*If your machine does not have the semage command, use yum to install the policycoreutils-python package.#What was *In the directory now named "webmail", there will be a file named '''INSTALL''' which will walk you through the output rest of the Roundcube installation.<br /><br />Some installation tips to consider: ::* Be careful about copying &amp; pasting the MySQL setup part: take time and pay attention to detail: do not try to "ypcat passwdrush it" .::* You will need to install additional Apache modules including: '''php-xml''' and '''php-mbstring'''.::* Don't forget to set the password in the roundcube configuration. *Note that both of your IMAP and SMTP servers are on different machines (i.e. not on vm1). Therefore, you will need to set the following options for Roundcube: ::* '''$config['smtp_server']'''::* '''$config['default_host']'''::* '''$config['default_port']''' :::'''NOTE:''' The last <u>two</u> entries above refer to your IMAP server *You should be able to test the configuration in your Roundcube installer after completing Step 3.</li><li>Try to test if the roundcube webmail application is working by sending and receiving e-mail messages.* {{Admon/important |Backup your VMs!|You MUST perform a '''full backup''' of ALL of your VMs whenever you complete your '''OPS335 labs''' or when working on your '''OPS335 assignments'''. You should be using the dump command from PART D, step 5?and you should use the Bash shell script that you were adviced to create in order to backup all of your VMs.}} #Explain'''Record steps, commands, and your observations on this investigation in your own wordsOPS335 lab log-book''' ==COMPLETING THE LAB==In completing this lab you have gained experience... '''Depending on your professor you will either be asked to submit the lab in class, or online. Follow the function appropriate set of instructions below.''' ===Online Submission (Peter Callaghan's Classes only)===Follow the portmapper service as seen in instructions for lab 8 on moodle. ===In Class Submission==='''Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:''' ::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;"rpcinfo >&#x2713;</span>Thunderbird with a message sent and received using encrypted channels.::<span style="color:green;font-psize:1.5em;" command>&#x2713;</span>New Thunderbird server configuration for your account. Hint::<span style="color: Use Wikipediagreen;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span>Logs on vm2 and vm3 showing the message has been sent and received.::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#What did x2713;</span>Your webmail showing your final firewall inbox::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span>Your webmail sending an email out::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span>You receiving that mail on an exernal account::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span>Download the host look likelabcheck8.bash checking bash shell script by issuing the command:<br><br>'''wget http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~peter.callaghan/files/OPS335/labcheck8.bash'''<br><br>set execute permission and run the shell script on your '''c7host''' machine. ::*For '''Peter's classes''', follow his Online Submission instructions in Moodle.::*For '''Murray's classes''', run command (piping to the '''more''' command) and show output to instructor.::<span style="color:green;font-size:1. Use iptables5em;">&#x2713;</span>Completed Lab8 log-savebook notes.  ==EXPLORATION QUESTIONS== #Briefly define the term '''TSL'''.#Briefly define the term '''SSL'''.#List the steps to setup Encryption for Postfix with TLS.#List the steps to setup Encryption for Dovecot with SSL.#List the steps to setup Encryption for the Thunderbird application.#Provide a brief description of the following terms as they relate to mail servers:#*'''Open Relay'''#*'''SPF'''#*'''DKIM'''# How does a webmail application differ from using another MUA like Thunderbird?# List the additional Apache modules that are required in order to run the Roundcube web application?