Changes

Jump to: navigation, search

OPS235 Lab 7

6,303 bytes added, 17:52, 25 November 2020
Part 1: Confirming sshd service is Running on VMs.
[[Image:firewall.png|thumb|right|180px|Protecting a computer network from unauthorized access is one of the many day-to-day operations for a Linux system administrator and/or security specialist]]
Setting up a computer network is very important, but the Linux system administrator must also perform networking maintenance which includes '''trouble-shooting''', '''repairing network connection issues''' and '''maintaining network security'''. System administrators need to '''protect or "harden" their computer networks from "penetration" from unauthorized computer users'''. Hardening a computer system can range from running an '''IDS''' (Intrusion Detection System) to monitoring and flagging suspicious activity to implementing security policies which could range from running firewalls to setting locked screen savers on workstations.
Setting up a computer network is very important, but there are many other operations that occur on a daily basis that can include '''trouble-shooting''', '''repairing network connection issues''' as well as '''maintaining network security'''. System administrators need to '''protect or "harden" their computer networks from "penetration" from unauthorized computer users'''. Hardening a computer system can range from running an '''IDS''' (Intrusion Detection System) to monitoring and flagging suspicious activity to implementing screen savers on workstations. In this lab, you will learn how to use '''ssh''', '''scp''', '''sftp''' commands install and configure the SSH service on a VM to allow users to securely access and share data between authorized personnel. In addition, you will learn various methods of running and configuring an ssh server which include: using '''Public Key Authentication''', setting up an '''SSH tunnel''' in order to securely run graphical applications safely among computers in the network, and '''disabling root login''', and into a Linux machine. You will also learn how to set up a firewall using the '''changing the default ssh communication portiptables''' command in order to mislead potential penetration testers (also known as "pen-testers" or "hackers")control the flow of packets throughout your computer server
<u>Main Objectives</u>
* To set up, configure Secure Shell Services ('''ssh/sshd''')* # To use the '''ssh''', and '''scp'''to access and copy data among Linux servers in a secure manner# Set up, configure, and start the Secure Shell Service ('''sftpsshd''' clients )#* To refuse root login from remote Linux servers or limit users that are permitted to access, copy, or transfer data among ssh into Linux servers in a # Generate Public and Private keys to ensure secure mannerconnections between Linux servers* # Use ssh to '''tunnel X Xwindow applications'''# Learn about the Linux firewall (via iptables):#* To tunnel network traffic via other communication portsUse '''iptables''' command used to configure and maintain a firewall for protection and troubleshooting#* To customize Configure '''sshdiptables''' to create set a more private, secure systemdefault policy and add exceptions to the default policy
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/netstat.8.html netstat]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ifconfig.8.html ifconfig]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ip.8.html ip]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ping.8.html ping]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/arp.8.html arp]<br>
|style="padding-left:20px;"|Additional Utilities<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/hostname.7.html hostname]<br>
[http://linux.die.net/man/8/restorecon restorecon]<br><br>Managing Services<br>[http://linuxwww.diedsm.netfordham.edu/cgi-bin/man/8/chkconfig chkconfig-cgi.pl?topic=systemctl systemctl]<br><br>
Configuration Files<br>
[httphttps://linuxwww.aboutfreebsd.comorg/librarycgi/cmd/blcmdl5_ssh_configman.htm cgi?query=ssh_config&sektion=5 ssh_config]<br>[httphttps://linuxwww.aboutfreebsd.com/od/commandsorg/lcgi/blcmdl5_sshdconman.htm cgi?sshd_config(5) sshd_config]<br>
|style="padding-left:20px;"|SSH Reference<br>
[http://support.suso.com/supki/SSH_Tutorial_for_Linux A good ssh tutorial]<br>
|}
=INVESTIGATION 1: CONFIGURING INSTALLING AND ESTABLISHING MAINTAINING AN SSH CONNECTIONSERVER=
So far, you have learned to use the '''ssh ''' utility to establish a secure connection to a remote server in order to perform Linux administration tasks, administer the server, etc. For these common operations, you You have issued the ''ssh '' command, which is actually the '''client ''' application for ssh. In order to connect to a remote server (like your VMs, Matrix, etc) they need it needs to be running run the '''SSH service''' (i.e. In this lab, you will learn how to run an SSH server in a VM, then confirm that you can connect into the server by using the '''ssh client applicationdaemon''').
We can use the '''netstat''' utility as a trouble-shooting / confirmation tool In this section, you will learn how to view the configure an SSH service server and determine which STATE restart the SSH ssh service is performing:*'''LISTENING''' (waiting for a ssh connection attempt)*'''ESTABLISHED''' (connection established)*'''CLOSED''' (connection is closed)*'''WAITING''' (time between connection closedan existing VM. You will also learn how to configure, restart, and changing use SSH in order to LISTENING modecreate secure connections between your Linux machines (host as well as VMs).
=== Part 1: Enabling the Confirming sshd serviceis Running on VMs. ===
:'''Perform the following steps:'''
# Launch ALL of your '''c7host machine''' and your '''centos1''' and '''centos3''' VMs.# Switch to your '''c7host ''' VM.# Create a file in your current directory of your c7host machine with some text in it called: '''myfile.txt'''# Ensure you've successfully connected to the VPN required for Matrix (https://inside.senecacollege.ca/its/services/vpn/studentvpn.html). Then issue the following command (using your Matrix login id):<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">scp &nbsp; myfile.txt &nbsp; yourmatrixid@matrix.senecac.on.ca:/home/yourmatrixid</span></code></b><br>(followed by your Matrix password)<br>What did this command do?# Issue the following single command (arguments are separated by a space - use your Matrix login id):<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh &nbsp; yourmatrixid@matrix.senecac.on.ca &nbsp; ls /home/yourmatrixid/myfile.txt</span></code></b><br>(followed by your Matrix password)<br>What did this command do?<br>Issue the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh &nbsp; yourmatrixid@matrix.senecac.on.ca &nbsp; cat /home/yourmatrixid/myfile.txt</span></code></b><br>How do these commands differ from using issuing the ssh command without the ls or cat command? How is this useful?<br><br>The client ssh application contains the utlities: '''ssh''', '''scp''' and '''sftp''' (learned in ULI101) to connect to remote Linux servers in order to issue commands or transfer files between Linux servers. You can install the SSH service on your Linux server, although this has already been performed upon installation. We will now confirm that the ssh service is running on all of your VMs.<br><br>
# OpenSSH should have been installed by default. Let's confirm this by issuing the command:<br /> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -qa | grep ssh</span></code></b>
# You should see a number of packages installed including <b>openssh-clients</b> and <b>openssh-server</b>
# <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">The '''openssh-server</span></code></b> ''' package installs a service called '''sshd'''. Confirm # Login as '''root''' and confirm that this service is running by issuing the command:<br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl status sshd</span></code></b><brol><br>'''NOTE:''' the ''netstat'' command is a very useful command for anything to do with networking. Read the man pages and make sure you understand the netstat command's output.<br><brli value="10"># Now that you know the service is running, investigate what '''port number''' and '''protocol''' sshd uses by issuing the command:<br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">netstat -atunp | grep sshdmore</span></code></b># <br>What protocol and port is the sshd process using? What is the state of the port? Why would you think that UDP ports don't have a state?</li># <li>Reissue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">netstat</span></code></b> command without the '''-n''' option. What is the difference?</li><li>You can refer to the '''/etc/services''' file in order to determine a port number for a service. Issue the following command to confirm that port 22 is associated with ssh:<br><b><code><span style="color:# 3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep ssh /etc/services</span></code></b><li>Make sure the '''sshd''' service is running on '''all 3 of your VM's'''</li># Remember that you can view the '''</etc/services''' file in case you need to reference a service with a corresponding port number.ol>
===Part 2: SSH Server Security Configuration===
 
Any time that you configure your computer to allow logins from the network you are leaving yourself '''vulnerable to potential unauthorized access''' by penetration testers or even hackers. Running the sshd service is a fairly common practice but care must be taken to make things more difficult for those individuals that attempt to use '''brute force attacks''' to gain access to your system. Hackers use their knowledge of your system and can use '''password guessing programs''' help to gain access. They know which port is likely open to attack (TCP:22), the administrative account name (root).
 
The Linux system administrator can '''configure the SSH server''' in order to make the SSH server less vulnerable to attacks. Examples include not permitting root login, and changing the default port number for the ssh service.
 
:'''Perform the following steps:'''
 
# For this section, you will still be using your '''c7host''' and '''centos1''' VMs.<br><br>The next change you can make is to prevent the root account from logging in to sshd altogether.<br><br>
# Change to your '''centos1''' VM and open a terminal.
# Edit the file '''/etc/ssh/sshd_config''' and look for the option <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">PermitRootLogin</span></code></b>. <u>'''<br>Un-comment the option'''</u> (or add the option if it does not appear) and change the option value to <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">no</span></code></b>.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Now any hacking attempt also has to guess an account name as well as the password.<br>If you need to ssh with root access, ssh as a regular user and use '''su -''' to become root.<br><br>
# Even better, it is possible to restrict access to just specific users that require it:<br>Edit the file '''/etc/ssh/sshd_config''' and '''add''' a new option of <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">AllowUsers yourAccountName</span></code></b> (where "yourAccountName" is your regular user accountname for your centos1 VM)<br>
# In order for these changes to take affect, you need to restart the sshd daemon. Issue the following command to restart the '''sshd''' service:<br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl restart sshd</span></code></b>
# Try SSHing from your '''c7host''' VM to your '''centos1''' VM as '''root'''. Where you successful?
# Try SSHing from your c7host VM to your centos1 VM as your regular user accountname. Did it work?
# Create another regular user called: '''other'''
# Set the password for the newly-created called '''other'''
# Try SSHing from your c7host VM to your centos1 VM for the account called '''other'''. Why didn't it work?
# Edit the file '''/etc/ssh/sshd_config''' to add the account '''other''' for the '''AllowUsers''' option (use a space to separate usernames instead of a comma).
# Restart the ssh service.
# Try SSHing from your c7host VM to your centos1 VM for the account called '''other'''. Did it work this time?
# Issue the following command to make a backup copy of your sshd_config file to your original regular user's home directory:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /home/regularuserid/sshd_config.bk</span></code></b>
# Issue the following command to allow same group and other group members to view the file contents:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">chmod og+r /home/regularuserid/sshd_config.bk</span></code></b>
<ol><li value="16">Finally, as a system administrator, you should periodically monitor your system logs for unauthorized login attempts.</li>
<li>On CentOS systems the log file that is used is '''/var/log/secure''' </li>
<li>It also logs all uses of the '''su''' and '''sudo''' commands.</li>
<li>Attempt to connect to all of your VM's as root and other users using both public key and password authentication. Use some '''su''' and '''sudo''' commands also. </li>
<li>Inspect the log to see what kind of information is logged.</li>
</ol>
 
 
 
'''Answer INVESTIGATION 1 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
 
=INVESTIGATION 2: ADDITIONAL METHODS TO SECURE YOUR SSH SERVER =
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|{{Admon/note |Storing Fingerprints | When a user connects to a host using ssh, the host sends a fingerprint or digital signature to the client to establish its identity. The first time a connection is established the identity must be stored for subsequent connections. The fingerprints are stored separately for each user in a file called <code>~/.ssh/known_hosts</code> . <br /><br />From now on when you connect to that host the client will compare the received fingerprint against the list of known hosts before connecting. If the fingerprint does not match it could indicate somebody had setup a system to impersonate the computer you wish to connect to and you would receive a message like this.}}
|}
=== Part 2: Establishing a Safe SSH Connection1: Generating Private and Public Keys (Public Key Authentication Infrastructure) === As a system administrator, you have the ability to generate or create '''public''' and '''private''' keys to ensure safe and secure ssh connections. This will require a user to prove who they say they are in order to access a Linux server via SSH (i.e. '''authentication'''). The system administer can generate these keys for the first time, or if the system administrator suspects that a hacker has compromised or trying to penetrate the server, they can remove the existing keys and generate new keys. A common type of attack, '''Arp Poisoning (Man in the Middle Attack)''', can be used to <u>redirect</u> packets to a third party while maintaining the illusion that the connection is secure. Therefore, understanding about the generation and management of public/private keys are important to the security of servers. :'''Perform the following steps:'''
As a system administrator, you have the ability # Switch to generate or create public and private keys to ensure safe and secure ssh connections. The system administer can generate these keys for the first time, of if they suspect that a hacker has compromised the server, can remove the existing keys and generate new keys. A common type of attack, Arp Poisoning (Man in the Middle Attack), can be used to redirect packets to a third party while maintaining the illusion that the connection is secure. Therefore, understanding about the generation and management of public/private keys are important to the security of serversyour '''centos3''' VM.<br><br>
:We can use the '''netstat''' utility as a trouble-shooting tool to view the SSH service and determine which STATE the SSH service is performing:<br> '''LISTENING''', '''ESTABLISHED''', '''CLOSED''' , or '''WAITING''' <br><br><ol><li value="2">Run the '''netstat -atunp''' command (pipe to "grep sshd") to check the state of a possible ''ssh connection''Perform . What is the state (i.e. LISTENING or ESTABLISHED)?</li><li>While in your '''centos3''' VM, issue the following stepscommand to connect to '''your same VM''' via ssh: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh ops235@centos3</span></code></b></li><li>Enter yes at the prompt, and enter your OPS235 password.<br>The output should appear similar as what is shown below:<br><br>:<span style="font-family:courier">The authenticity of host 'centos3 (192.168.235.13)' can't be established.</span><br>:<span style="font-family:courier">RSA key fingerprint is 53:b4:ad:c8:51:17:99:4b:c9:08:ac:c1:b6:05:71:9b.</span><br>:<span style="font-family:courier">Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes</span><br>:<span style="font-family:courier">Warning: Permanently added 'centos3'(RSA) to the list of known hosts.</span><br><br></li>
# Switch to your '''centos3''' VM.# Run the '''netstat -atunp''' command (pipe to "grep sshd") to check the state of a possible ''ssh connection''. What is the state (i.e. LISTENING or ESTABLISHED)?# Open another terminal and establish an ssh connection to your '''centos3''' VM using the command:<br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh ops235@centos3</span></code></b><br>(Where 'ops235' is the account on centos3 and 'centos3' is the hostname of the centos3 VM.)<br><br># You should receive a message similar to the following:<br><brli>#::<span style="font-family:courier">The authenticity of host 'centos3 (192.168.235.13)' can't be established.</span><br>#::<span style="font-family:courier">RSA key fingerprint is 53:b4:ad:c8:51:17:99:4b:c9:08:ac:c1:b6:05:71:9b.</span><br>#::<span style="font-family:courier">Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes</span><br>#::<span style="font-family:courier">Warning: Permanently added 'centos3' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.</span><br><br># Answer '''yes''' to add to the list of known hosts.# Issue the following command to confirm that you connected to your centos3 VM: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b>[[Image:spoof.png|thumb|right|485px|If you receive a message like the one displayed above, you should investigate why it is happening as it could indicate a '''serious security issue''', or it could just mean that something on '''the host has changed'''(i.e. the OS was <u>reinstalled</u>)]]<olli><li value="7">Switch back to your '''centos3''' VM and reRe-run that same '''netstat pipeline command'''. Any change to the connection status?</li><li>Return to the second terminal, and logLog-out of your ssh connection by typing <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">exit</span></code></b>.<li>Run that same '''netstat''' command in the original terminal and check the state of the connection after logging outagain. Wait a few minutes and then check again. Record your observations.</li><li>Make certain to exit all connections, and remain in your '''centos2''' VM. When using ssh to connect to other servers, it is very easy to forget which server you are currently using. Verify that you are in your '''centos2''' VM by entering the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><li>Use the Internet to search for '''TCP 3 way handshake''' to see how TCP connections are established and closed.<br><br></li>
</ol>
::So far, we have learned to establish an ssh connection to another host using a password to establish your identity. But '''passwords are not the only or even the best way of authenticating your identit'''y. We can also use '''Public/Private key encryption'''.
::'''Public Key authentication''' is a method of establishing identity using a '''pair of encryption keys that are designed to work together'''. One key is known as your '''private key''' (which as the name suggests should remain private and protected) and the other is known as the '''public key''' (which as the name suggests can be freely distributed) The keys are designed to work together to encrypt data asymmetrically, that is to say that when we '''encrypt data with one of the keys it can only be decrypted with the other key''' from the pair.
[[Image::While spoof.png|thumb|right|485px|If you ever receive a message like the one displayed above, you should investigate why it doesn't mean the message is <u>secure</u> happening as anybody it could decrypt indicate a '''serious security issue''', or it with could just mean that something on '''the host has changed'''(i.e. the public key, it does establish my OS was <u>identityreinstalled</u>)]]So far, if the we have learned to establish an ssh connection to another host can successfully decrypt using a password to establish your identity. But '''passwords are not the message then it must have come from only or even the one person in possession best way of the private authenticating your identit'''y. We can also use '''Public/Private keyencryption'''.
::We are now going to generate '''Public Key authentication''' is a method of establishing identity using a new set '''pair of public/private encryption keysthat are designed to work together'''.Students run into a lot of trouble when using ssh One key is known as your '''private key''' (which as the name suggests should remain private and protected) and generating the other is known as the '''public key-pairs by performing these operations ''' (which as root user by Mistake!the name suggests can be freely distributed) The keys are designed to work together to encrypt data asymmetrically, that is to say that when we '''encrypt data with one of the keys it can only be decrypted with the other key''' from the pair.
While it doesn't mean the message is <u>secure</u> as anybody could decrypt it with the public key, it does establish my <u>identity</u>, if the host can successfully decrypt the message then it must have come from the one person in possession of the private key.
<ol>
<li value="1210">Switch to your '''centos2''' VM.</li><li>Confirm you are in your centos2 VM by entering the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b></li><li> Make <u>certain</u> that you are NOT in your centos2 VM and that you are logged in as root!a '''regular user''' (i.e. NOT root!) (you have been warned!)</li>
<li>To generate a keypair (public/private keys), issue the following command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh-keygen</span></code></b></li>
<livalue="14">That After generating the keys it prompts you for the location to save the keys. The default is '''~/.ssh''' Your private key will be saved as <b>id_rsa</b> and your public key will be saved as '''id_rsa.pub'''. Press ENTER to accept the default.</li><li>You will then be prompted for a '''pass-phrase'''. The pass-phrase must be entered in order to use your private key. Pass-phrases are more secure than passwords and should generate output similar be lengthy, hard to guess and easy to remember. For example one pass-phrase that meets this criteria might be ''"seneca students like to dance at 4:00am"''. Avoid famous phrases such as ''"to be or not to be"'' as they are easy to guess. It is possible to leave the following:pass-phrase blank but this is dangerous. It means that if a hacker were able to get into your account they could then use your private key to access other systems you use.<br><br>The output should appear similar as what is shown below:</li></ol> <pre style="font-family:monospace;background-color:white;border-style:none;padding-left:50px;">Generating public/private rsa key pair.Enter file in which to save the key (/home/ops235/.ssh/id_rsa): Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):Enter passphrase again:Your public key has been saved in /home/ops235/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.The key fingerprint is:ef:de:31:67:f7:15:a4:43:39:15:5d:78:1b:e8:97:74 ops235@centos3The key's randomart image is:+--[ RSA 2048]----+| .+=|| .+oE|| .+.o=|| ..++ || S o.. || . . .|| . o o o|| . . = .o|| .o . .|+-----------------+</olpre>
::<span style="font-family:courier">Generating public/private rsa key pair.</span><br>::<span style="font-family:courier">Enter file in which to save the key (/home/user1/.ssh/id_rsa):</span> <br>::<span style="font-family:courier">Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): </span><br>::<span style="font-family:courier">Enter same passphrase again: </span><br>::<span style="font-family:courier">Your identification has been saved in /home/user1/.ssh/id_rsa.</span><br>::<span style="font-family:courier">Your public key has been saved in /home/user1/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.</span><br>::<span style="font-family:courier">The key fingerprint is:</span><br>::<span style="font-family:courier">93:58:20:56:72:d7:bd:14:86:9f:42:aa:82:3d:f8:e5 user1@centos2</span><br><br><ol><li value="16"> After generating the keys it prompts you for the location to save the keys. The default is '''~/.ssh''' Your private key will be saved as <b>id_rsa</b> and your public key will be saved as '''id_rsa.pub'''</li><li>You will then be prompted for a pass-phrase. The pass-phrase must be entered in order to use your private key. Pass-phrases are more secure than passwords and should be lengthy, hard to guess and easy to remember. For example one pass-phrase that meets this criteria might be "seneca students like fish at 4:00am". Avoid famous phrases such as "to be or not to be" as they are easy to guess. It is possible to leave the pass-phrase blank but this is dangerous. It means that if a hacker were able to get into your account they could then use your private key to access other systems you use.<br><br></li><li>Now issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ops235@centos3</span></code></b></li><li>When prompted for password, enter OPS235's root password</li> <li>Try using ssh to now log into your '''centos3''' VM <u>from</u> your '''centos2''' VM. What happens? Were you required to use your pass-phrase? </li><li> Issue the '''hostname ''' command to verify that you are successfully logged into your '''centos3''' VM.</li>
<li>Make certain to logout of your '''centos3''' system. Use the '''hostname''' command to verify you are back in your centos2 server.</li>
</ol>
'''Answer INVESTIGATION 1 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
{|width=INVESTIGATION "40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|[[Image:tunel-gedit.png|thumb|right|550px|You can use an SSH tunnel with options to allow running of applications on remote Linux servers.]]|} === Part 2: USING SSH AND OTHER SECURE SHELL UTILITIESSecurely Running Graphical Applications Between Linux Servers==You can also use ssh to '''tunnel window and bitmap information''', allowing us to login to a remote desktop host and '''run a Xwindows application''' such as <b>gedit</b> or <b>firefox</b> and the application will run on the remote host but be displayed on the local host.
=== Part 1: How do you use scp and sftp. ==='''Perform the following steps:'''
When # For this section, you have created an SSH serverwill be using your '''c7host''' and '''centos1''' VMs.# Switch to your c7host VM, then users can take advantage open a terminal and remain logged in as a regular user.# Issue the following command to connect to your '''centos1''' VM:<br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh -X -C yourUserID@centos1</span></code></b> &nbsp; (where 'yourUserID' is your user account name on centos1)<br>(The '''-X''' option enables the forwarding of secure shell tools (including X window information, and the '''-C''' option enables compression for better performance).<br><br># Once the connection is properly established, run the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">gedit</span></code></b># The ''gedit'' window will display on your '''c7host'''scpVM, but in reality, this application is running on your ''' centos1''' VM!# Enter some text and save your editing session. # Exit the '''sftpgedit''' utilitiesapplication.# In which VM was the file saved? What does that tell you about the use of tunneling for this section?# Run the graphical program remotely by issuing only one Linux command:<br> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh -X -C yourUserID@centos1 &nbsp; gedit</span></code></b> (Note: ignore warning messages).# Exit the gedit application.# Experiment with running other GUI applications (in the /bin directory with applications starting with the letter "x" via '''ssh''' (for example: xev or xchat).
The ssh client utility also contains many options to provide useful features or options when establishing secure connections between servers. One of these features is referred to as '''tunnelling''' - this term refers to running programs on remote servers (i.e. running the program on a remote server, yet interacting and viewing program on your local server. Since '''X-windows''' in Linux is a support <u>layer</u> to transmit graphical information efficiently between servers, ssh tunnelling becomes more useful and important to allow organizations to work efficiently and securely in a user-friendly environment.
'''Perform the following steps:Answer INVESTIGATION 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
# Remain in your '''centos2''' VM for this section.# To connect to a remote host type the command:<br /><b><code><span style="colorINVESTIGATION 3:#3366CCMANAGING FIREWALLS FOR PROTECTION &amp;font-size:1.2em;">sftp ops235@centos3</span></code></b># This will establish an interactive session after authentication. # Type <b><code><span styleTROUBLESHOOTING ="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">help</span></code></b> to see the list of sftp commands at any time.# The 2 main commands are <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">put</span></code></b> to copy a file from the local host to the remote host (upload) and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">get</span></code></b> to copy a file from the remote host to the local host (download).# Try using '''sftp''' to transfer files back and forth between hosts.# Confirm that the files were transfer and then enter the command '''exit''' to quit your sftp session.<ol><li value="8">You can also use the '''scp''' command to copy files to and from remote hosts and even from one remote host to another.</li><li>Use '''scp''' to copy your services file to the centos3 host into the /tmp directory. (The path on a remote host follows the ''':''') using the command: <br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">scp /etc/services ops235@centos3:/tmp</span></code></b></li><li>Here is a neat trick: You can run commands remotely using ssh by typing the command as an argument after the ssh command. Issue the following command in your '''centos2''' VM:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh ops235@centos3 ls /tmp</span></code></b></li><li>What happened when you issued that command? Where you able to successfully using scp to copy the '''/etc/services''' file to '''centos3's /tmp''' directory?</li><li>Experiment with '''scp''' to copy a file from '''centos3''' directly to '''centos1'''.</li></ol>
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|
[[Image:tunel-geditchains.png|thumb|600px|right|550px|You can use When using iptables packets must pass-through "a chain of policy rules" in order to handle packets. If a packet matches a rule, then an SSH tunnel with options action is taken (some examples include: '''ACCEPT''', '''DROP''', '''REJECT''', or '''LOG'''); otherwise, the packet will be directed to allow running of applications on remote Linux serversthe default policy chain. ]]
|}
==== Linux Firewall (iptables) Concepts====
=== Part 2: How do you use ssh Since Linux servers can be connected to tunnel Xthe Internet, it is very important to run a '''firewall''' to control what packets might come into the computer system, what packets might go out of the computer system, and what packets might be forwarded to another computer. We are currently using the utility called '''iptables''' can be used to set the firewall rules on a Linux server. ===
You can also use ssh to '''tunnel window and bitmap information''', allowing us to login to a remote desktop host and '''run a Xwindows application''' such as <b>gedit</b> or <b>firefox</b> and the application will run on the remote host but be displayed on the local host.
Basically, there is a list ('''Perform chain''') of policy rules that <u>'''packets'''</u> must pass-through in order to handle packets. If a packet matches a rule, then an action is taken (some examples include: '''ACCEPT''', '''DROP''', '''REJECT''', or '''LOG'''). If the following stepspacket passes through the chain of rules without a match, then the packet is directed to the default policy chain (for example:''ACCEPT'', ''REJECT'', or ''DROP'').
# For this section, you will be using your '''centos1''' and '''centos2''' VMs.
# From your '''centos2''' VM issue the ssh command to connect to your '''centos1''' VM using the following command:<br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh -X -C username@centos1</span></code></b> &nbsp; (where 'username' is your learn account on centos1)<br>(The '''-X''' option enables the forwarding of X window information, and the '''-C''' option enables compression for better performance).<br><br>
# Once the connection is properly established, run the '''gedit''' application. (Gnome Text Editor)
# The ''gedit'' window will display on your '''centos2''' VM, but in reality, this application is running on your '''centos1''' VM!
# Enter some text and save a file with '''gedit'''.
# Exit the '''gedit''' application.
# In which VM was the file saved?
# Experiment with running other GUI applications through '''ssh'''.
You can create your own '''customized chains''' (which you will learn in the OPS335 course) but to keep thing simple, we only deal with 3 '''common predefined chains''':
{{Admon/important | centos1 VM iptables and ssh service | You may need to adjust the firewall on your :*'''centos1INPUT''' host to complete this section, and verify that the : Packets coming into current Linux server:*'''sshdOUTPUT''' service is running on that VM.}}: Packets leaving current Linux server:*'''FORWARD''': Packets being routed between Linux servers
'''Answer INVESTIGATION 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
=== Part 1: Listing &amp; Clearing Existing iptables Rules ===
=INVESTIGATION 3Let's get some practice using the iptables command such as listing CHAIN rules, and clearing the CHAIN rules: SECURING THE SSH CONNECTION=
:'''Perform the following steps:'''
[[Image# For the remainder of this section, use your '''c7host''' machine.# Issue the following command to list the existing iptables policy rules: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor:tunneldefault;color:#3366CC;font-tricksize:1.png|thumb|right|550px|You can also use an ssh connection 2em;">iptables -L</span></code></b># Were there already iptables policy rules that already existed by default?# Before we proceed, we need to understand various methods to list iptables rules:<br><br>'''Listing iptables Rules:'''<br><table width="100%" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"><tr><td width="30%">'tunnel other types of traffic''iptables -L'''</td><td>List all iptables rules (eg. There could be different reasons for doing thisINPUT, OUTPUT. For example tunneling traffic for an unencrypted applicationFORWARD, and any customized chains (if any)</td></protocol through ssh can tr><tr><td>'''iptables -L -v'''increase the security </td><td>Verbosely List all iptables rules including information such as total size of that applicationpackets affected by rules</td></tr><tr><td>'''iptables -L CHAIN-NAME''' </td><td>List all iptables rules for that particular chain-name for less clutter (i.eeg. deceive potential hackersINPUT or OUTPUT, etc)</td></tr></table><br># Issue the following Linux command: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -L INPUT</span></code><br/b><br>Alternatively What do you could use it notice is different with this command compared to the previous iptables command?# Issue the iptables command separately to display the rules for the '''OUTPUT''' chain and for the '''circumvent a firewall that is blocking trafficFORWARD''' chain.# Issue the following command: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -L -v </span></code></b><br>What do you wish notice about this command as opposed to use but allows ssh traffic the first iptables command you issued?<br>What sort of additional information does this command provide regarding affected packets?<br><br># Sometimes it may be useful to pass throughcompletely clear the rules for all or a particular chain.]]Note the options that can be used to clear (or flush) the iptables rules,<br><br>'''Clearing (Flushing) iptables Rules:'''<br><table width="100%" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border= Part "1"><tr><td width="30%">'''iptables -F'''</td><td>Clears the rules for ALL of the chains</td></tr><tr><td>'''iptables -F CHAIN-NAME'''</td><td>Clears the rules for only the specified CHAIN-NAME (eg. INPUT or OUTPUT)</td></tr></table><br># Issue the following command to reset the iptables rules for the INPUT chain: How do you use ssh <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -F INPUT</span></code></b># Issue the '''iptables -L INPUT''' command to tunnel other trafficverify that the iptables rules for the INPUT chain have been cleared. # Now, issue the command: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -F</span></code></b><br>and then issue the command: <b><code><span style=="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -L</span></code></b><br>What do you notice?
To help harden (protect a server from attack or "penetration"), system or security administrators have the ability to "trick" or "mislead" a potential hacker in order to prevent system penetration.
In this part, you will learn to use a combination of SSH server configuration and iptables rules to redirect the SSH port to allow secure data traffic via another port (as opposed to the default port: 22), and use iptables to reject (better log) incoming tcp traffic via the default port.
What is the result of this?Simple. Permit the SSH service for the organization, and yet trick and confound the potential hacker into thinking that ssh traffic is used on === Part 2: Setting a port that is no longer available Default Policy / Setting Policy Exceptions (but they may not know this!iptables)===
Sneaky! >;Usually when setting policy rules with iptables, a general "overall" policy is set (default policy chain). A good way to think about setting policies is to have a '''"safety-net"''' to take some sort of action to prevent un-handled packets from passing through the firewall by mistake. After the default policy is set-up, then specific exceptions to the default policy can be added to control specific network traffic.
'''Perform An example would be to set a default policy for incoming network traffic (INPUT chain) to DROP everything, and then set an exception certain exceptions (like ssh connections). Note the following steps:'''table below for policy setting examples.<br><br>
# For this section, you will still be using your :'''centos1'Policy Setting Examples:'' and '''centos2''' VMs.# We will be bypassing a firewall that blocks http traffic.# In this investigation, '''centos1''' will be your '''http server''' and '''centos2''' will be your <u>client</u>.# Use the '''hostname''' command to verify that you are in your centos1 VM (as opposed to another VM by mistake via ssh!)# On the HTTP server, make sure that the Apache web server is installed by typing the command:<br /><b><code><span styletable width="100%" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;0">rpm -q httpd</span></code></b># If this is not installed, make sure to install '''httpd'''.# When ''httpd'' is properly installed, check the configuration of the service to see if it is automatically started at any run-levels by using the command:<br><b><code><span styleborder="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl list-unit-files | grep httpd</span></code></btr># If it has not been started automatically start the service using the '''service''' command to start the ''httpd'' service.# It is also a good idea to enable the httpd service so it starts automatically from boot-up. To do this, issue the command:<br><b><code><span styletd width="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;30%">chkconfig httpd on</span></code></b># Issue a previous command to verify that the httpd service is enabled.# Confirm that httpd is listening to TCP/80 using the '''netstat''' command.# Create a small html document called iptables -P INPUT DROP'''</var/www/html/index.html''' that displays a short message. If you do not know how to use HTML markup language, just type a simple text message...# <utd>Restart</utd> your '''centos1''' VM. # On your '''centos1''' VM Drops all incoming packets regardless of protocol (ieg.e. the http servertcp, udp, icmp), confirm everything is working locally by using a browser to connect to '''http://localhost'''# Set the default firewall configuration on centos1 to '''REJECT''' incoming requests to http port numbers (TCP/eg. 22, 80)# NOTE: '''centos1''': if '''http://localhost''' stops working locally, add the following iptables or source or destination IP Addresses. Setting a default rule to centos1, as root <br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -I INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT</span></code></b> # On '''centos2''' confirm that the httpd service is stopped so it cannot interfere with your observations.# On '''centos2''' confirm that you can't connect by using firefox to centos1 '''http://centos1/'''# The next step is to establish a <u>tunnel</u>. When you establish a tunnel you DROP all incoming traffic would make an ssh connection to a remote host and open a new port on the local host. That local host port is then connected to a port on the remote host through the established tunnel. When you send requests to the local port it is forwarded through the tunnel easier to the remote port.# In a terminal in your '''centos2''' VM, '''make certain you are NOT logged in as root!'''# Establish specify a tunnel using a local port on centos2 of 20808, that connects to the remote port on '''centos1''' of 80, using the following command on '''centos2''':<br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1few exceptions.2em;">ssh -L 20808:centos1:80 username@centos1</span></codetd></btr><brtr><brtd> '''Note:'''<br>The '''iptables -LP INPUT ACCEPT''' option (which means Local port) takes one argument:<br><span style="courier">&lt;local-port&gt;:&lt;connect-to-host&gt;:&lt;connect-to-port&gt;</spantd><brtd><br> The command basically connects your local port Accepts all incoming packets regardless of 20808 to the remote protocol (eg. tcp, udp, icmp), port of numbers (eg. 22, 80 on '''centos1''') or source or destination IP Addresses.<br>This means It would seem that setting a default rule to ACCEPT all requests incoming traffic would require A LOT of exceptions to 20808 help "lock-down" the server for protection! It really depends on the server set-up and what the Linux system administrator wants to accomplish.<u/td>localhost</utr> ('''centos2''') are actually tunnelled through your ssh connection<br/table>to port 22 on '''centos1''' and then delivered to port 80 on '''centos1''', bypassing the firewall.<br><br># Once the tunnel is established use '''netstat''' to verify the port 20808 is listening on '''centos2'''# Now using the browser on '''centos2''' connect to '''http://localhost:20808'''#You should see the '''index.html''' page on '''centos1'''.# Close the ssh connection and verify that the port 20808 is no longer listening.
:'''Perform the following steps:'''
{|# Make certain you are in your '''c7host''' machine.# Issue the following Linux command: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -P INPUT DROP</span></code></b># Issue the '''iptables -L''' command. Can you see the policy to DROP all incoming connections?# Although you have set a default policy to DROP all incoming connections, there is a problem: now, you cannot browse the Internet. You can confirm that by opening a SEPARATE web-browser and perform a Net-search.<br><br>In order to fix that problem, you can make an exception to allow incoming web-based traffic (via port 80). Those iptables commands to create exceptions are more complex since you need to determine: <ul><li>'''Where each rules appears in the chain'''? (order can be important)</li><li>'''Which protocol(s)''' are affected (eg. tcp, udp, icmp)</li><li>'''What source or destination IP Addresses''' are affected?</li><li>'''What port numbers''' are affected?</li><li>'''What action to take''' if all of the above conditions are met? (eg. ACCEPT, REJECT, DROP, or LOG)</li></ul><br>'''iptables Command Structure (for setting exceptions):<br>(NOTE: If element in column is not specified in the iptables command, then rule relates to ALL elements)'''<table width="40100%" aligncellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="right1" cellpadding><tr valign="top><td>Place Rule in Chain</td><td>Chain Name</td><td>Specify Protocol</td><td>Source/Destination IPADDR</td><td>Port Number</td><td>Action<br> -&gt;</td><td>Target</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>'''-A''' (add / Append to bottom of chain)<br>'''-I''' (insert at top of chain)<br>'''-I CHAIN-NAME 5''' (insert before line 5) </td><td>'''INPUT'''<br>'''OUTPUT'''<br>'''FORWARD'''<br>'''CHAIN-NAME'''</td><td>'''-p tcp''' (tcp packets)<br>'''-p udp''' (datagram packets)<br>'''-p tcp,udp,icmp''' (combined)<br><br>(refer to '''/etc/protocols''' )</td><td>'''-s IPADDR''' (originating IPADDR)<br>'''-d IPADDR''' (destination IPADDR)</td><td>'''<span style="font-family:courier">--</span>sport 22''' (originating port 22 - SSH)<br>'''<span style="font-family:courier">--</span>dport 80''' (destined port 80 - http)<br><br>(refer to '''/etc/services''')</td><td>'''-j''' </td><td>'''ACCEPT'''<br>'''REJECT'''<br>'''DROP'''<br>'''LOG'''</td></tr></table><br># Issue the following Linux commands to ensure the loopback interface is not affected by these rules. The computer should be able to communicate with itself with any state and protocol:<br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -A INPUT -i lo -p all -j ACCEPT</span></code><br><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT</span></code></b># Issue the following Linux command to ADD an exception to the INPUT chain to allow web-based incoming traffic (ie. port 80):<br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT</span></code></b># Issue an iptables command to confirm that their is an exception rule to handle incoming tcp packets over port 80.# Use your other web-browser to confirm that you can now browse the Internet. If you cannot, contact your lab assistant or professor for help.# Determine the '''external facing address''' of your c7host machine.<br>('''Tip:''' in a web-browser, enter the term: '''"ip address"'''. The external facing IP Address should start with '''"10."''').# Provide your external facing address, and provide another lab-mate to ping that external facing address. Were they successful?|# Have your lab- valignmate determine THEIR external facing address and obtain that IP Address.# Issue the following iptables command to allow an exception for pings from your lab-mate:<br><b><code><span style="toppointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -s {neighbour's external facing address} -j ACCEPT</span></code></b># Have your neighbour repeat pinging your external facing IP Address. What happened? Why?# Have your neighbour try to SSH into YOUR c7host. Were they Successful?# Issue an iptables rule (in a similar way as with the previous iptables command) to allow an exception for incoming ssh traffic (eg. port #22) from your neighbour's external facing IP address.# Have your neighbour try to SSH into YOUR c7host (at least to get a password prompt). Were they Successful? If so, why?# Shutdown all VMs and restart your c7host Linux machine.# List the iptables rules for the INPUT chain. What happened to your iptables rules for the INPUT chain?# Proceed to the next part to learn how to learn how to make your iptables rules persistent.
|{{Admon/tip |Troubleshooting Tips for SSH|Cannot connect via SSH? To fix issues with the ability to ssh, on both machines=== Part 3:<ul><li>Ensure ssh is '''running'''.</li><li>Disable '''SELinux'''</li><li>'''Flush Making iptables''' (iptables -F)</li><li>For '''scp''', use the access the option (eg. '''scp -P 2200''' )</li></ul> }}Policies Persistent ===
|}===Part 2: Making sshd More Secure ===Any changes to your iptables policy rules will be lost when you restart your Linux server, unless you make your iptables rules persistent. Failure to perform the following steps after setting up your firewall rules can cause confusion and wasted time.
Anytime you configure your computer to allow logins from the network you are leaving yourself '''vulnerable to potential unauthorized access''' by so called "hackers". Running the sshd service is a fairly common practice but '''care must be taken to make things more difficult for those hackers that attempt to use "brute force" attacks to gain access to your system. Hackers use their knowledge of your system and many password guesses to gain access'''. They know which port is likely open to attack (TCP:22), the administrative account name (root), all they need to do is to "guess" the password.<br><br> Making your root password (and all other accounts!) both quite complex but easy to remember is not hard.
The Linux system administrator can also :'''configure Perform the SSH server to make the SSH server more securefollowing steps:'''. Examples include not permitting root login, and change the default port number for ssh.
# Flush all of your iptables rules by issuing the following command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -F</span></code></b># Set the default INPUT policy to ACCEPT by issuing the following command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT</span></code></b># Verify there are no iptables rules by issuing the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -L</span></code></b># Make a backup of the file '''/etc/sysconfig/iptables''Perform ' by issuing the following stepscommand:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">cp /etc/sysconfig/iptables /etc/sysconfig/iptables.bk</span></code></b>#To make the iptables rules '''persistent''' (i.e. keeps rules when system restarts), you issue the command: <br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables</span></code></b># Verify that the file '''/etc/sysconfig/iptables'''exists.# Restart your iptables service and test your configuration.
# For this section, you will still be using your '''centos1''' and '''centos2''' VMs.
# Think of a good quality password and change your root passwords on all 3 VM's to be more secure. (It would be a good idea to do this for non-root accounts also)
# The next change you can make is to prevent the root account from logging in to sshd altogether.
# Change to your '''centos2''' VM and open a terminal.
# Edit the file '''/etc/ssh/sshd_config''' and look for the option '''PermitRootLogin'''. Un-comment the option (or add the option if it does not appear) and change the option value to '''"no"'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Now any hacking attempt also has to guess an account name as well as the password. If you need to ssh with root access, ssh as a regular user and use '''su -''' to become root.<br><br>
# Even better, it is possible to restrict access to just specific users that require it.
# Edit the file '''/etc/ssh/sshd_config''' and add a new option of '''"AllowUsers account"''' using your login account for account
# In order for these changes to be effective, issue the following command to restart the sshd service:<br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">service sshd restart</span></code></b>
# Try sshing from your '''centos1''' VM to your '''centos2''' VM. Where you successful? Would it work if you let "AllowUsers account" without a username, or a non-existent username? Do not do this for your machine!
# Next change the default port number that sshd uses (TCP:22).
# Edit the '''/etc/ssh/sshd_config''' file again, un-comment the port option and change the port number it uses from ''22'' to '''2200'''.
# <u>Restart</u> the service.
# Confirm the new port is being used with the '''netstat''' command.
# Before we can use this new port we must change our firewall to allow traffic through the new port number and block access to port 22 by issuing the command:<br /><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -s0/0 --dport 2200 -j ACCEPT</span></code></b>
# Next, we will drop any incoming traffic to port 22 by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -s0/0 --dport 22 -j DROP</span></code></b>
# We have now possibly mislead a potential "hacker" to the true port for our ssh server's communication channel (port).
# Switch to your '''centos1''' VM.
# Issue the commmand: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh username@centos2</span></code></b>. What happens? What port do you think that command is using by default?
# Now issue the following command to ssh via port "2200": <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh -p 2200 username@centos2</span></code></b>. Where you able to connect?
<ol><li value="17">Finally, as a system administrator, you should periodically monitor your system logs for unauthorized login attempts.</li>
<li>On CentOS systems the log file that is used is '''/var/log/secure''' </li>
<li>It also logs all uses of the '''su''' and '''sudo''' commands.</li>
<li>Attempt to connect to all of your VM's as root and other users using both public key and password authentication. Use some '''su''' and '''sudo''' commands also. </li>
<li>Inspect the log to see what kind of information is logged.</li>
</ol>
'''Answer INVESTIGATION 3 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
= LAB 7 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =
===Exclusively for Summer 2020 term, submissions are accepted only online!===
Follow the submission instructions for lab 7 on Blackboard.
{{Admon/important|Time for a new backup!|If you have successfully completed this lab, make a new backup of your virtual machines as well as your host machine.}}
:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''# Make certain ALL of your VMs are running.# Switch to your '''centos2c7host''' VMand '''su -''' into root.# Change to the '''/root/bin''' directory.# Issue the Linux command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget httphttps://matrixict.senecac.onsenecacollege.ca/~murray.saulops235/ops235labs/lab7-check.bash</span></code></b>
# Give the '''lab7-check.bash''' file execute permissions (for the file owner).
# Run the shell script and if any warnings, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" message.
#Arrange proof of the following on the screen:<br><blockquote><span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''centos2''' VM:<blockquote><ul><li>have tunneled Xwindows application from logged into centos3 VM using '''centos1public key authentication''' via ssh(with a pass-phrase)</li><li/ul></blockquote>have tunneled http through firewall using ssh (on web<span style="color:green;font-browsersize:1.5em;">&#x2713;</lispan>'''c7host''' Machine:<liblockquote>have secured ssh against root access</liul><li>have logged into centos3 VM using tunneled Xwindows application from '''public key authenticationcentos1'''via ssh</li><li>Output from running Run the '''lab7-check.bash''' script with in front of your instructor (must have all OK messages</lib></ul></blockquotecode><span style="color:green#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.5em2em;">&#x2713nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> '''c7host''' Machine:<blockquote/code><ul/b><li>Confirmation that sshd is running on host machinemessages)</li></ul></blockquote><span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab7''' log-book filled out. 
= Practice For Quizzes, Tests, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =
# What port does sshd use by defaults?
# What file is used to configure sshd?
# What sftp commands are used to upload/download files?
# What kind of files are stored in the "~/.ssh/" directory?
# How do you determine whether the sshd service is running on your system or not?
# How do you stop the sshd service?
# How do you tunnel XWindows applications?
# What port is the default scp ssh port?
# What port(s) is/are used by httpd service?
[[Category:OPS235]]
[[Category:OPS235 Labs]]
[[Category:CentOSS 7]]
[[Category:SSD2]]
[[Category:Digital Classroom]]
572
edits

Navigation menu