[[Category:OPS235]]{{Admon/caution|DraftLab|This lab has NOT been released for regular distribution. When the lab is ready to be released, this caution banner will disappear.}}= OPS235 Lab6 - Configuring a Network Using Virtual Machines =[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]]

* In this lab, you will learn the basics of networking by using your Virtual Machines and your host f17host machine.  * In addition, you will learn an effective method of backing up file by creation date range. 

* '''Fedora 16 17 LIVE CD''' - You can burn this onto a CD-R in the Open Lab* '''Fedora 16 x_64 17 x86_64 Installation DVD''' - You can burn this onto a DVD-R in the Open Lab (or burn image onto a DVD+R if you are using the Freedom Toaster).* '''SATA Hard Disk''' (in removable disk tray)* '''USB Memory Stick''' (minimum 64M)* '''Lab Logbook (Lab5 Reference Sheet)''' (to make notes and observations). 

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* [http://colwikiwww.orgyolinux.com/Linux_Networking_Services TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialNetworking.html Linux Networking ServicesNetwork Configuration]* [[IPTables]] Reference* View and Configure Lab6 Notes: [http://zenit.senecac.on.ca/wiki/index.php/OPS235_Lab_6#Investigation_8:_How_do_I_view_and_configure_the_IPTABLES_firewall.3F_--_Basic_Function.2FConfiguration IPTABLES Firewall (refer to lab 6 notes)]

<span style="background-color:yellow">Currently you should have the following network configuration:<br /span><br />[[Image:network-config1.png]]* '''Fedora host''' has 1 active network interface (probably <code>'''<span style="background-color:yellow">em0</span>em1'''</code>) that receives IP configuration from the School's DHCP server.

* '''Fedora1 VM''' has 1 active interface (<code>'''<span style="background-color:yellow">em0</span>eth0'''</code>) that receives a dynamic configuration from your Fedora Host* '''Fedora2 VM''' has 1 active interface (<code>'''<span style="background-color:yellow">em0</span>eth0'''</code>) that receives a dynamic configuration from your Fedora Host* '''Fedora3 VM''' has 1 active interface (<code>'''<span style="background-color:yellow">em0</span>eth0'''</code>) that receives a dynamic configuration from your Fedora Host

{{Admon/important | Update your systems | It is advisable to perform a <code>yum update</code> on your Fedora host and all 3 VM's.}}{{Admon/important | Live disc installations and system-config-network | The '''fedora1 ''' VM was installed from Live CD. It is missing the GUI Network Configuration tool we will be using. Use the command <code>yum install system-config-network</code> to install it.}}

{{Admon/note | Use the Fedora Host f17host | Complete the following steps on your '''f16hostf17host''' computer system.}}

# On the fedora host your '''f17host''' machine start Virtual Machine Manager

# Disable the default configuration from starting at boot by '''deselecting the ''''''"Autostart On Boot"''' (on boot) checkbox.# Stop the default network configuration by clicking on the '''stop''' button at the bottom left-side of the windowdialog box.# Click the '''add''' button (the button resembles a "plus sign") to add a new network configuration.# Give your new network a name (i.e. '''network1''')

# Disable DHCP by '''deselecting ''' the check box.

# Before proceeding, check the "<u>default</u>" network connection (in the Virtual Networks section) to verify '''Autostart On Boot''' is disabled, and that you have created the '''network1''' configuration. You might be required to click Apply when the default '''Autostart''' option is deselected. If you have any problems launching your VMs, then it is recommend to reboot your main system.# '''Close''' the Virtual Manager, '''reboot''' your f16host, '''log-back into your f16host computer''', and '''restart''' the Virtual Machine Manager.

# <ol> <li value="15">Now we need to add our new virtual network '''network1''' to the 3 VM's##<ol type="a" style="margin-left:2cm"> <li value="1">Select the '''fedora1''' VM and edit the VM details'''Virtual Machine Details'''<br />(Note: the Virtual Machine window will appear - do not start virtual machine)</li>## <li>Under View select '''Details'''</li>## <li>In the '''left pane ''' of the Virtual Machine window, select the '''NIC :''' and note that this NIC is on the "default" virtual network</li>## <li>Click on the '''Remove''' buttonat the bottom right-side of the dialog box.</li>## <li>Click on '''Add Hardware''' on the bottom left-side of the dialog box and add a new network</li>## <li>For the host device , locate and select '''Virtual Network network1''' : NAT</li># <li>Click finish to exit the Virtual Machine Details dialog box.</li></ol> </li> <li value="16">Repeat these steps '''a - g''' for '''fedora2''' and '''fedora3''' VM's.</li></ol>

# On your '''fedora host''' run <code>ifconfig</code> and make note of the IP address assigned to the <code>virbr1</code> interface. This will be your default gateway for your Vm's.[[Image:new_network_dialog.png|thumb|350px]]# Make certain to return to your fedora2 VM.# To configure a new interface on fedora2 go to '''SystemApplications'''->'''AdministrationOther'''->'''NetworkConnections''' .# Make certain there are no '''"Wired"''' connections (even if you have to click on the connection name and click the '''Delete''' button.# Create a new wired connection, with the "Connection Name" at the top to read '''eth1'''# Click on the '''NewAdd''' button, and select the '''IPv4 Settings''' tab.# Select Change the method from "Automatic (DHCP)" to '''Ethernet Device"Manual"''' and choose .# In the network card named <code><span style='''Addresses section''', click '''"background-color:yellowAdd">em1</span></code>'''.# Statically Manually set the IP configurationto:

#: Subnet Mask '''255.255.255.0'''

# Click on the '''DNS''' tab field and add '''192.168.235.1''' as the primary DNS server.# Select Click '''ForwardSave'''to Finish, and then select '''Apply''' exit the Network Connections dialog box.# Your network connection may connect (view the Network Manager applet in the gnome panel at the top of the screen). If there is no connection after a few minutes, you should be able to right-click on the applet and click "eth1" to connect.# You should be able to use the systemctl command to Finishrestart your network.#'''Restart your network''' on fedora2by issuing the commands:#*<code>systemctl stop NetworkManager. service</code>#*<span style="background-color:yellow"code>systemctl start NetworkManager.service NetworkManager restart</span></code>

# To verify that fedora2 has the correct default gateway configured, enter the command : <code>route -n</code># Verify the network by using : <code>ping 192.168.235.1</code>

{{Admon/note | Backing up Files |One very important aspect of system admin is performing backups. There are many methods for backing up the data on a a computer system.<span style="background-colorbr />The following is an example of a common backup system used in Business Unix/Linux systems:yellow"<br /><br />Explain purpose '''Full Backup''': Backup all specified files (eg. configuration, data files, etc)<br />'''Incremental Backup''': Backup of file backupsonly files that have changed since last (full) backup<br /><br />When the system is required to be fully restored, then the '''full backup''' is recovered, followed by each .<br />In this investigation, you will learn how to perform an '''incremental backup''' using the <code>find</spancode>utility|}}

# Restart the NetworkManagerservice.

# Use {{Admon/note | Creating an Incremental Backup |We will now be using the <code>find</code> command to locate ::*Locate the configuration files (contained in the <code>/etc</code> directory) that were modified by the GUI network configuration program#:* Copy those configuration files to a "specified" directory for backup purposes Previously, you created a file called <code>/tmp/timestamp</code>that just contains the current date and time prior to running the network configuration toool for fedora2.. Any files that were modified by the GUI network configuration program should have a timestamp later (or newer) than the "timestamp" file you created. All the Linux TCP/IP configuration files are stored under the '''/etc''' directory or its sub-directories. The following <code>find</code> command when run as root will give you a (using the correct options) can be used to only list of all those files that have been recently created since the files under timestamp date contained in the <code>/etctmp/timestamp</code> directory with a file modification date newer than the date of the .|}} <ol> <li value="timestamp8" file>Run the following Linux command:#** <ul> <li><code>find /etc -newer /tmp/timestamp&gt; /root/netcfg.lst</code></li> </ul># Capture </li> <li>View the output to a file called <code>/root/netcfg.lst</code> under user root's home directoryfile.What does it contain?</li># <li>Create a new directory called : <code>/tmp/lab6</code> and copy all the files from </li> <li>Issue the following commands: <ul> <li><code>findmkdir -p /tmp/lab6</code> command to it.</li>#* There are a number of ways to accomplish this:#** Edit <li><code>netcfg.lstfind /etc -newer /tmp/timestamp -exec cp {} /tmp/lab6 \;</code> and turn it into a bash script.</li> </ul> </li>#** Copy <li>View the files manually using contents of the <code>cp/tmp/lab6</code> commanddirectory.What does it contain?</li></ol>#** Investigate {{Admon/tip | Tip | Just for interest, it is relatively simple to automate your backups. You just create a Bash Shell script file using the <code>-execfind</code> option of command above, give the shell script executable permissions, and use the <code>findcrontab</code> command to see how schedule when this script is to be run. If you want to learn more about shell scripting, you can take or refer to find and copy the files with a single commandcourse called '''OPS435''' .}}

=== Investigation 4: How do I configure the network without a GUI tool?. ===

# Use the command <code>ifconfig</code> to list active interfaces, you should see one with a name of <code><span style="background-color:yellow">em1</span>eth0</code> or a similar name.# To configure your card with a static address use the following command:#* <code>ifconfig eth1 eth0 192.168.235.13 netmask 255.255.255.0</code>

#* Copy that file to <code>ifcfg-eth1eth<b>N</b></code> or whatever name matches where <b>N</b> relates to your current eth interfacenumber (we will use <b>eth1</b> as an example).

#**GATEWAY=192.168.235.1#**DNS1=192.168.235.1#**DEVICE=<span style="background-color:yelloweth1">em1</span> -- '''<-- or the interface name you YOU have'''#**BOOTPROTOIPADDR=none"192.168.235.13"#**NETMASK="255.255.255.0"#**TYPEGATEWAY=Ethernet"192.168.235.1"#**HWADDR="52:54:00:3f:5c:fa " <-- '''<--use the HWADDR for your YOUR interface'''#**IPADDRDNS1="192.168.235.131" '''#**IPV6INITBOOTPROTO=no"static"#**ONBOOT="yes"#**NM_CONTROLLED="yes"#**USERCTLIPV6INIT="no"# Save the file and then restart the network connection by issuing the commands: <code>ifdown eth1</code> and then <code>NetworkManagerifup eth1</code> service<br /><br ><b>NOTE: </b>If there are errors, check that the hardware address in the config file matches the hardware address of the device its configuring<br /><br />

192.168.235.1 f13hostf17host

<span style="background-color:yellow">{{Admon/note | Obtaining Remote MAC Addresses| The term '''MAC''' address stands for '''Media Access Control''' address, which provides a unique ID to prevent confusion among computer systems within a network. While we use '''32bit IP addresses addresse'''s to communicate over an internetwork, on the local ethernet network packets are delivered to a '''48bit hardware address ''' (sometimes called a MAC address). The '''ARP ''' protocol resolves 32bit IP addresses to 48bit MAC addresses by using a broadcast and caching the results. We can examine the ARP cache to get the MAC addresses of other computers on our local network.<br /><br /span>Being able to determine remote MAC address information is useful from troubleshooting networking programs to using '''WOL''' (Wake up on Lan) to automatically boot remote workstations via the network. In this investigation, you will learn how to obtain MAC address information for various network cards.}}

# On your fedora host execute the command : <code>netstat -at</code>

# Examine the <code>/etc/services</code> file and find which ports are used for the services : <code>ssh , ftp , http</code>

{{Admon/important | Non-Persistent Changes to your Host System | Complete this lab on your host system (f13hostf16host).

==== Additional Exercises Final Tasks ====

<span style="background-color:yellow">Now you should have the following network configuration:</span><br /><br />

* '''Fedora host''' has 1 active network interface (probably <code><span style="background-color:yellow">em0</span>'''em1'''</code>)that receives IP configuration from the School's DHCP server.* '''Fedora host''' has 1 active network interface (<code>'''virbr1'''</code>) that has a static default configuration of '''192.168.235.1/255.255.255.0'''* '''Fedora1''' VM has 1 active interface (<code><span style="background-color:yellow">em1</span>1'''eth1'''</code>) that has a static configuration of '''192.168.235.11/255.255.255.0'''* '''Fedora2''' VM has 1 active interface (<code><span style="background-color:yellow">em1</span>'''eth1'''</code>) that has a static configuration of '''192.168.235.12/255.255.255.0'''* '''Fedora3''' VM has 1 active interface (<code><span style="background-color:yellow">em1</span>'''eth1'''</code>) that has a static configuration of '''192.168.235.13/255.255.255.0'''

 == Preparing for the Quizzes ==