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[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]]
{{Admon/caution|THIS IS AN OLD VERSION OF THE LAB|'''This is an archived version. Do not use this in your OPS235 course.'''}}
= Storage Setup (prior to starting Lab 4) =
At this point, having completed [[OPS235 Lab 3|Lab 3]] you should have <u>roughly</u> the following disk storage setup:<br />
('''Note:''' These results are output from the '''vgs''', '''lvs''', and '''pvs''' commands within each virtual machine. You will be using these commands in the following lab investigations)<br /><br />
This VM has a GUI and free space in the VG.
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg_fedora2 1 3 0 wz--n- 14.80G 4.07G
LV VG Attr LSize
lv_home vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 1.95G
lv_root vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 7.81G
lv_swap vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 992.00M
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/vda2 vg_fedora2 lvm2 a- 14.80G 4.07G
This VM has no GUI installed. VG #PV #LV #Identify and define major entries in the <code>/etc/passwd</code>, <code>/etc/shadow</code>, and <code>/etc/group</code> filesSN Attr VSize VFree vg_fedora3 1 3 0 wz--n- 9.80G 3.83G LV VG Attr LSize #Learn about partitions, and how to add "virtual partitions with LVM lv_home vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 1.00G #Learn how to create a "virtual partition" in a Virtual Machine lv_root vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 4.00G #Learn how to add and remove and modify user accounts lv_swap vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 992.00M #Learn how to create and manage groups PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 vg_fedora3 lvm2 a- 9.80G 3.83G
* '''f17host (i.e. "disk pack")'''
{{Admon/note|Recovering VMs|'''Most of these investigations will take place in you virtual machines.''' If you make a significant mistake, your virtual machine may not boot. Remember that you created backups of your virtual machines in Lab 3, and you can '''restore them if something goes wrong'''.}}
==PrerequisitesResources ==
==Linux Investigation 1: How are LVMs are managed using Command Online Reference-Line Tools ==Each Link below displays online manpages for # You are going to repeat the same LVM management operations (as your did with the ''fedora2'' VM in '''lab3'''), but you will using command-line tools in the '''fedora 3''' VM. Since the fedora3 VM only operates in command-line mode, you will need to refer to the '''"Logical Volume Management"''' link above.# Write down the exact commands used at each step, and record appropriate command output:## Determine the current LVM configuration using the <code>pvs</code>, <code>vgs</code>, and <code>lvs</code> command.## Grow the home filesystem to 2G using the command <code>lvextend</code> and <code>resize2fs</code>.## Create a new 2G LV containing an ext4 filesystem and mount it at /archive (via [http:use <code>lvcreate</code>, <code>mkfs</code>, <code>mount</code>, edit the file <code>/etc/fstab</linuxmanpagescode>, and then reboot to confirm automatic mount).com## Copy the contents of <code>/ http:etc</code> into <code>/archive</linuxmanpagescode>.com]## Shrink <code>lv_archive</code> to 1G (use <code>umount</code>, <code>resize2fs</code>, <code>lvreduce</code>, and <code>mount</code>):
# Shutdown ''fedora1'' if it is running.
# Open the console window for '''''fedora1'''''.# Select the menu option '''View'''>'''Details'''.# Click '''''Add Hardware''''' button at the bottom left-hand corner.# Make certain to remain in In the default section called "Storage".# Make the following selections in this "Storage" dialog box:::* Under ''Adding new virtual hardware''Create window that appears, select a disk image on the ComputerHardware Type of 's Hard Drive'"storage"'', change the size to and click '''2 GB'"Forward"''.::* # Make certain option "Managed or other existing storage" is selected. Click on the ''Browse''Select Managed or Other Existing Storagebutton, then click on ''New Volume''. You can specify a file pathname for # Give the Hard Drive (refer to diagram). If no new virtual disk file pathname is provided, then the system will assign a name in the directory of <code>/var/lib/libvirt/images/fedora1b</code>, a format of ''raw'', with a ''Max Capacity'' and ''Allocation'' of 2000 MB. Click ''Finish''.::* # Select Device Type: the new virtual disk file ''fedora1b.img'' and click 'Virtio Disk'Choose Volume''.::* # Select Storage Format: a device type of ''Virtio Disk'raw'.# Finish creating the new virtual disk by clicking ''::* Click Forward''and then 'FINISH'Finish'' to proceed. <ol> <li value="8"># Boot the system. You should now have both <code>/dev/vda</code> and <code>/dev/vdb</code>.</li> <li># Record the size of the volume group and the amount of free space (Hint: use a command that you learned in a previous lab).</li> <li>Refer to the following tutorial to use the <code>fdisk</code> command: :* [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/# Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html Partitioning with fdisk]</li> <li>Use the <code>fdisk</code> command to create a primary partition for <code>/dev/vdb</code> with a single partition (number 1) that fills the whole disk.</li> <li># Check the messages printed when <code>fdisk</code> exits -- you may need to reboot the system in order for the new partition table to take effect.</li> <li># Run this command to format the physical volume: <code>pvcreate /dev/''vdb1''</code></li> <li># Add the new physical volume to the existing volume group: <code>vgextend ''nameOfVolumeGroup'' /dev/vdb1</code></li> <li># Verify that the volume group is larger and has more free space.</li></ol> '''Answer the Investigation 1 observations / questions in your lab log book.''' == Investigation 2: How to Add a PV to an existing VG (Entirely by Command Line) ==
== Investigation 3: How can I use LVM to manage storage on my disk pack? =='''Answer On your <u>f17host</u> (i.e. "disk pack"), using your choice of the Investigation 2 observations GUI and/ questions in your lab log book.or command-line tools:'''# Create a new logical partition ('''NOT a logical volume!''') - minimum 5G, leaving at least 10G free space in the extended partition.# Add that partition as a PV into the existing VG (using the commands you used in the previous investigation).# Grow the root filesystem to fill the available space.
= User/Group Management =
== Investigation 54: The /etc/passwd file ==
# Look at the /etc/passwd file.
# The user IDs of real users (people) are different from the user IDs of system accounts. What is the pattern?
{{Admon/note|Use f16hostf17host|Perform these steps in the '''f16hostf17host''' system. Due to a configuration issue, these steps may not work normally in the fedora1 virtual host (previous versions of this lab used fedora1 for this investigation).}}
# Read the man page for the useradd command.
# Investigate the home directory of one of your new users.
#* What files are there? Be sure to include hidden files.
#* What do you think these files are used for <span class="plainlinks">?
#* How does the operating system determine which files are created in a new home account? The answer can be found here: http://www.linuxhowtos.org/Tips%20and%20Tricks/using_skel.htm
#* Look at the files (including hidden files) in the template directory referred to in the article. Compare them to what is in a home directory for a new user. What do you notice?
# Add your matrix account user to '''fedora3'''.
{{Admon/note|Use fedora1|Perform these steps in the '''fedora1''' virtual machine.}}
Be sure to record your observations in your lab notes.
{{Admon/note|Use fedora1|Perform these steps in the '''fedora1''' virtual machine.}}
# Delete the user ops235_2 using the same command with the option which removes the home directory of the user.
# Check the contents of the /home directory. What do you notice?
# Check the contents of the /etc/group directoryfile. What do you notice?
== Investigation 98: Modifying users ==
{{Admon/note|Use fedora1|Perform these steps in the '''fedora1''' virtual machine.}}
# Be sure to record your observations in your lab notes.
<!-- == Investigation 13: Security Tip: Removing Unnecessary Users and Groups ==
#* nscd (if not using nscd)
#* uucp -->
= Completing the lab =
Arrange proof of the following on the screen:
# Two PVs on '''fedora1'''.
# Separate <code>/home</code> filesystem (on an LV) in '''fedora1'''.
<!-- # Unnecessary accounts and groups have been removed on '''fedora1'''. -->
# Account created on '''fedora3''' matching your Matrix account.
# List contents of '''/etc/group''' file (ops235 group).# List contents of '''/etc/passwd''' file (created accounts).# Fresh backup of the virtual machines.
= Preparing for the Quizzes =
# What is a VG? PV? LV? # What is the total size of the "main" VG on your system?# How do you create a LV?# How do you delete an LV?# How would you add the disk partition <code>/dev/sdb7</code> to your volume group "main"?# How would you increase the size of the root filesystem by 50 MB?
# What is the purpose of <code>/etc/fstab</code>?
# What did you have to do in order to move is the home directories onto a new filesystem? Whypurpose of <code>/etc/shadow</code>?