[[Category:OPS235]]{{Draft}}
[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]]
{{Admon/caution|THIS IS AN OLD VERSION OF THE LAB|'''This is an archived version. Do not use this in your OPS235 course.'''}}
= Storage Setup (prior to starting Lab 4) =
At this point, having completed [[OPS235 Lab 3|Lab 3]] you should have <u>roughly</u> the following disk storage setup:<br />
('''Note:''' These results are output from the '''vgs''', '''lvs''', and '''pvs''' commands within each virtual machine. You will be using these commands in the following lab investigations)<br /><br />
==Introduction==* '''fedora1'''
:* In this lab, you are going to learn how to create This VM has a GUI and format partitionsno free space in the VG. You will be creating partitions by using both graphical and command VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg_fedora1 1 2 0 wz--n- 9.80G 0 LV VG Attr LSize lv_root vg_fedora1 -wi-ao 8.83G lv_swap vg_fedora1 -wi-ao 992.00M PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 vg_fedora1 lvm2 a-line using LVM and other Linux utilities 9.80G 0
:* Also in this lab, you will learn how to manage (add, delete, modify) user accounts on your Fedora systems. You will also learn how to create and maintain groups to allow users to share and protect data.'''fedora2'''
This VM has a GUI and free space in the VG.
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg_fedora2 1 3 0 wz--n- 14.80G 4.07G
LV VG Attr LSize
lv_home vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 1.95G
lv_root vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 7.81G
lv_swap vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 992.00M
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/vda2 vg_fedora2 lvm2 a- 14.80G 4.07G
==Objectives==* '''fedora3'''
#Identify and define major entries in the <code>/etc/passwd</code> file This VM has no GUI installed. VG #PV #LV #Learn about partitions, and how to add "virtual partitions with LVMSN Attr VSize VFree vg_fedora3 1 3 0 wz--n- 9.80G 3.83G #Learn how to create a "virtual partition" in a Virtual Machine LV VG Attr LSize lv_home vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 1.00G #Learn how to create a "virtual partition in your f16host disk pack lv_root vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 4.00G #Learn how to add and remove and modify user accounts lv_swap vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 992.00M PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree#Learn how to create and manage groups /dev/vda2 vg_fedora3 lvm2 a- 9.80G 3.83G
* '''f17host (i.e. "disk pack")'''
==Required Materials Four PVs, minimum VG size 60G Single filesystem on vg_main/root, size 50G At least 10G available space in VG 20% of disk space unallocated to any partition (Bring to All Labsmin 15G)==
* '''Fedora 16 LIVE CD''' - You can burn this onto a CD-R in the Open Lab* '''Fedora 16 x_64 Installation DVD''' - You can burn this onto a DVD-R in the Open Lab = Logical Volume Management (or burn image onto a DVD+R if you are using the Freedom ToasterContinued).* '''SATA Hard Disk''' (in removable disk tray)* '''USB Memory Stick''' (minimum 64M)* '''Lab Logbook (Lab3 Reference Sheet)''' (to make notes and observations).=
{{Admon/note|Recovering VMs|'''Most of these investigations will take place in you virtual machines.''' If you make a significant mistake, your virtual machine may not boot. Remember that you created backups of your virtual machines in Lab 3, and you can '''restore them if something goes wrong'''.}}
==PrerequisitesResources ==
* Completion and Instructor "Sign-off" '''Please read this page to get an overview of Lab 3LVM: '''<br /><br />('''Note:''' It is recommended to return to this guide as a reference when performing the next several investigations).<br /><br />* [[OPS235 Lab 3Logical Volume Management]]
==Linux Investigation 1: How are LVMs are managed using Command Online Reference-Line Tools ==Each Link below displays online manpages for # You are going to repeat the same LVM management operations (as your did with the ''fedora2'' VM in '''lab3'''), but you will using command-line tools in the '''fedora 3''' VM. Since the fedora3 VM only operates in command-line mode, you will need to refer to the '''"Logical Volume Management"''' link above.# Write down the exact commands used at each step, and record appropriate command output:## Determine the current LVM configuration using the <code>pvs</code>, <code>vgs</code>, and <code>lvs</code> command.## Grow the home filesystem to 2G using the command <code>lvextend</code> and <code>resize2fs</code>.## Create a new 2G LV containing an ext4 filesystem and mount it at /archive (via [http:use <code>lvcreate</code>, <code>mkfs</code>, <code>mount</code>, edit the file <code>/etc/fstab</linuxmanpagescode>, and then reboot to confirm automatic mount).com## Copy the contents of <code>/ http:etc</code> into <code>/archive</linuxmanpagescode>.com]## Shrink <code>lv_archive</code> to 1G (use <code>umount</code>, <code>resize2fs</code>, <code>lvreduce</code>, and <code>mount</code>):
{|width="100%" cellpadding="5"|'''LVM Information Utilities:'''|'''LVM Management Utilities:'''|'''User / Group Management:'''||- valign="top"|*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/vgs.8.php vgs]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvs.8.php lvs]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/pvs.8.php pvs]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/vgdisplay.8.php vgdisplay]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvdisplay.8.php lvdisplay]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/pvdisplay.8.php pvdisplay]|*[http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/s1-system-config-lvm.html system-config-lvm] (Tutorial)*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvextend.8.php lvextend]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/resize2fs.8.php resize2fs]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvcreate.8.php lvcreate]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvreduce.8.php lvreduce]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/pvcreate.8.php pvcreate]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/vgextend.8.php vgextend]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/mount.8.php mount]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/umount.8.php umount]|* [http://linux.die.net/man/5/passwd /etc/passwd File]* [http://www.linuxhowtos.org/Tips%20and%20Tricks/using_skel.htm /etc/skel File]* [http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/understanding-etcgroup-file/ /etc/group File]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/useradd.8.php useradd]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/userdel.8.php userdel]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/usermod.8.php usermod]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/groupadd.8.php groupadd]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/groupdel.8.php groupdel] |} ==Resources on the web==Additional links to tutorials and HOWTOs: :* [[Logical Volume Management]] :* [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html Partitioning with fdisk]:* [http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&pageid=282 Mounting / Unmounting File-systems]:* [http://www.itwire.com/content/view/14446/53/ UID and GID explained] = Creating / Formatting / Mounting Partitions = == Investigation 12: How to Add can a PV be added to an existing VG ? == '''Perform this investigation on the VM named ''<u>fedora1</u>''.''' In this investigation we will be adding Add an additional 2 GB virtual disk to our your ''<u>fedora1</u>'' system, and use it as an additional physical volume...:'''# Start <code>'''virt-manager'''</code>.
# Shutdown ''fedora1'' if it is running.
# Open the console window for ''fedora1''.
# Select the menu option '''View'''>'''Details'''.# Click '''''Add Hardware''''' button at the bottom left-hand corner.# In the ''Adding new virtual hardware'' window that appears, select a Hardware Type of ''"'''storage'''"'' and click ''"'''Forward'''"''.# Make certain option "Managed or other existing storage" is selected. Click on the '''''Browse''''' button, then click on '''''New Volume'''''.# Give the new virtual disk file a name of <code>'''fedora1b'''</code>, a format of '''''raw''''', with a ''Max Capacity'' and ''Allocation'' of '''2000 MB'''. Click '''''Finish'''''.# Select the new virtual disk file '''''fedora1b.img''''' and click '''''Choose Volume'''''.# Select a device type of '''''Virtio Disk'''''.# Finish creating the new virtual disk by clicking '''''Forward''''' and then '''''Finish'''''.
# Boot the system. You should now have both <code>/dev/vda</code> and <code>/dev/vdb</code>.
# Record the size of the volume group and the amount of free space (Hint: use a command that you learned in a previous lab).
# Use the <code>fdisk</code> command to create a partition <code>Partition /dev/vdb</code> with a single partition that fills the whole disk.
# Check the messages printed when <code>fdisk</code> exits -- you may need to reboot the system in order for the new partition table to take effect.
# Run this command to format the physical volume: <code>pvcreate /dev/''vdb1''</code>
# Verify that the volume group is larger and has more free space.
{{Admon/note|Think!|The next part of this investigation requires some research, thought, and creativity.}}
'''Using that additional space, create a separate filesystem for <code>/home</code>:'''
# Create the logical volume <code>lv_home</code> (1G ext4)
# Find a way to move the contents of <code>/home</code> onto it.
# Change your system configuration so that the new filesystem is mounted on <code>/home</code> from now on.
'''Answer {{Admon/tip|SELinux relabelling may be required|Your system may report that the files are not present in the Investigation 1 observations new / questions in your lab log bookhome filesystem when they are clearly there. This is due to the Security-Enhanced Linux system (SELinux) preventing access to the files, because the files were tampered with (moved) and are no longer recognized as home directory content.'''You can fix this problem by restoring the file context labels so that SELinux accepts the files as valid home directory content: <code>restorecon -r /home</code>}}
== Investigation 3: How can I use LVM to manage storage on my disk pack? ==
'''On your <u>f17host</u> (i.e. "disk pack"), using your choice of the GUI and/or command-line tools:'''
# Create a new logical partition ('''NOT a logical volume!''') - minimum 5G, leaving at least 10G free space in the extended partition.
# Add that partition as a PV into the existing VG (using the commands you used in the previous investigation).
# Grow the root filesystem to fill the available space.
== Investigation 2: How to Add a PV to an existing VG (Entirely by Command Line) ==
# You are going to repeat the same steps as outlined in Investigation #1, but on your '''fedora3''' system via command line.
# Make reference to the following command line resource: [[Logical Volume Management]]
# Verify that the volume group is larger and has more free space.
'''Answer the Investigation 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
== Investigation 3: Manually Mounting / Unmounting Partitions ==
'''Perform this investigation on the VM named ''<u>fedora2</u>''.'''
So far, we have simply assumed that when the Fedora OS boots-up, that its file-system is automatically available. In this investigation, you will learn how file-systems (or portions of file-systems) can be mounted or "connected" to existing file-systems. You will also learn how to unmount (or "disconnect") portions of file-systems from existing file-systems.
# Open a terminal and login as root.
# Issue the command called '''mount''' . This command provides information relating to various partitions (logical volumes) and corresponding "mount points" (directories).
# Record all of the information for the "mount" command in your Lab log-book.
# Issue the command <span style="background-color:yellow;font-weight:bold">'''umount /archive'''</span> , then issue the mount command. What is different in the command output?
# View the online man pages for the mount command. Using the information that you recorded in your Lab logbook for step #3, issue the mount command to "re-connect" the <span style="background-color:yellow;font-weight:bold">'''lv_archive'''</span> directory to your existing fedora2's file-system (refer to the section "Linux Command Online Reference" above).
{{Admon/note|File-System Type Option No Longer Required for Mount Command|When viewing examples online, you may notice that the -t option is used with the mount command to indicate the version or type of file-system to mount.<br />'''The -t option is no longer required for the mount command''',|}}
<ol>
<li value="6">Explain how the ''mount'' command would be useful for Linux system administration.</li>
</ol>
'''Answer the Investigation 3 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
== Investigation 4: How Partitions are Automatically Mounted Upon Boot-up ==
'''Perform this investigation on the VM named ''<u>fedora2</u>''.'''
#Create a directory called '''/storage''' (i.e. lab5 is a subdirectory of the root directory)
#Check the man page for <code>/etc/fstab</code> by entering the command <code>man fstab</code>
#Edit your <code>/etc/fstab</code> file to mount the partition <code>/dev/sda2</code> to <code>'''/storage'''</code>
#Issue this command:
::<code>mount -a</code>
<ol>
<li value="5">What does that command do?</li>
<li>Confirm that the partition mounted and copy some files to it.</li>
<li>Reboot the fedora2 VM, and verify that /storage has been automatically mounted.</li>
<li>In the previous investigation, we mounted the directory as '''/archive''', but in this investigation we automatically mounted it as '''/storage'''. What purpose does could this server for a Linux system administrator?</li>
</ol>
'''Answer the Investigation 4 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
= User/Group Management =
== Investigation 54: The /etc/passwd file ==
# Look at the /etc/passwd file.
# The user IDs of real users (people) are different from the user IDs of system accounts. What is the pattern?
'''Answer the Investigation 5 observations / questions in your lab log book.''' == Investigation 65: Adding users ==
{{Admon/note|Use f16hostf17host|Perform these steps in the '''f16hostf17host''' system. Due to a configuration issue, these steps may not work normally in the fedora1 virtual host (previous versions of this lab used fedora1 for this investigation).}}
# Read the man page for the useradd command.
# Investigate the home directory of one of your new users.
#* What files are there? Be sure to include hidden files.
#* What do you think these files are used for <span class="plainlinks">?
#* How does the operating system determine which files are created in a new home account? The answer can be found here: http://www.linuxhowtos.org/Tips%20and%20Tricks/using_skel.htm
#* Look at the files (including hidden files) in the template directory referred to in the article. Compare them to what is in a home directory for a new user. What do you notice?
# Add your matrix account user to '''fedora3'''.
'''Answer the Investigation 6 observations / questions in your lab log book.''' == Investigation 76: Managing Groups ==
{{Admon/note|Use fedora1|Perform these steps in the '''fedora1''' virtual machine.}}
Be sure to record your observations in your lab notes.
'''Answer the Investigation 7 observations / questions in your lab log book.''' == Investigation 87: Deleting users ==
{{Admon/note|Use fedora1|Perform these steps in the '''fedora1''' virtual machine.}}
# Delete the user ops235_2 using the same command with the option which removes the home directory of the user.
# Check the contents of the /home directory. What do you notice?
# Check the contents of the /etc/group directoryfile. What do you notice?
'''Answer the Investigation 8 Be sure to record your observations / questions in your lab log booknotes.'''
== Investigation 98: Modifying users ==
{{Admon/note|Use fedora1|Perform these steps in the '''fedora1''' virtual machine.}}
# Be sure to record your observations in your lab notes.
'''Answer the Investigation 9 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
<!-- == Investigation 13: Security Tip: Removing Unnecessary Users and Groups ==
#* nscd (if not using nscd)
#* uucp -->
= Completing the lab =
Arrange proof of the following on the screen:
# Two PVs on '''fedora1'''.
# Separate <code>/home</code> filesystem (on an LV) in '''fedora1'''.
<!-- # Unnecessary accounts and groups have been removed on '''fedora1'''. -->
# Account created on '''fedora3''' matching your Matrix account.
# List contents of '''/etc/group''' file (ops235 group).# List contents of '''/etc/passwd''' file (created accounts).# Fresh backup of the virtual machines.
= Preparing for the Quizzes =
# What is a VG? PV? LV? # What is the total size of the "main" VG on your system?# How do you create a LV?# How do you delete an LV?# How would you add the disk partition <code>/dev/sdb7</code> to your volume group "main"?# How would you increase the size of the root filesystem by 50 MB?
# What is the purpose of <code>/etc/fstab</code>?
# What did you have to do in order to move is the home directories onto a new filesystem? Whypurpose of <code>/etc/shadow</code>?