:* '''Correctly install the CentOS 7 FULL INSTALL DVD''' (not LIVE DVD) on your removable hard disk. * '''Record installation characteristics of CentOS 7 FULL INSTALL''' in a chart (contained in lab2 logbook chart) to compare with other installation methods performed in lab2. * '''Verify correct settings''' prior to proceeding with host installation stages.

:* '''Verify correct settingsObtain Linux server information after installation''' prior to proceeding with host installation stagescreate a software asset report for later access.

:* '''Obtain Disable Linux server information after installationKernel security enhancements''' to create allow easier internal networking connections (to be reactivated in a software asset report for later accesslab).

:* Observe that '''Disable Linux Kernel security enhancementsBash Shell Scripts can automate routine tasks''' to allow easier internal networking connections (to be reactivated in a later lab).

==Minimum Required Materials / Lab Preparation=={|cellpadding="15" width="100%"

| [[Image:blank-cd.png|thumb|left|100px75px|<b>CentOS 7</b>FULL INSTALL DVD]]

| [[Image:harddrive.png|thumb|left|100px75px|<b>Removable Hard Disk Pack</b> (SATA)]]

|[[Image:ubs-key.png|thumb|left|100px75px|<b>USB key</b><br>(for backups)]]

|[[Image:log-book.png|thumb|left|75px60px|<b>Lab Log Book</b><br>(labs 1 & 2)]]

|width="40%" |{{Admon/tip|Access to Instructions for Lab1|Since you will performing a full install on your computer, you cannot use that computer to simultaneously view instructions while you perform the full install. Here are some suggestions to make this process easier:<ul> <li>'''Printout Lab1 instructions''' at home prior to performing Lab1</li> <li>'''Use a smart-phone, notebook, or netbook computer to view lab instructions''' (highly recommended)</li><li>If lab space availability is not an issue, '''use another computer termimal to view lab instructions''' while performing install</li><li>'''Follow step-by-step instructions from your OPS235 instructor''' (if demonstrated by instructor)</li></ul>|

==My Toolkit (CLI Reference)== {|width="100%" cellpadding|- valign="5" width="50%top"

|- valign="top"|[http://linuxmanpagesunixhelp.ed.ac.comuk/man8CGI/rpm.8.php rpmman-cgi?grep grep]<br>|[http://linuxmanpagesman7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man1/hostnamewc.1.php hostnamehtml wc]<br>[http://linuxmanpagesman7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man1/unamepwd.1.php unamehtml pwd]<br>[http://linuxmanpagesman7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man1/psls.1.php pshtml ls]<br>|[http://linuxmanpagesman7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man8man1/ifconfigmore.81.php ifconfightml more]<br>[http://linuxmanpagesman7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man8man1/netstatfile.81.php netstathtml file]<br>[http://linuxmanpagesman7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man8man1/routewget.81.php routehtml wget]<br>[http://linuxmanpagesman7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man1/nslookupchmod.1.php nslookuphtml chmod]<br>|[http://linuxmanpagesman7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man1/wcscp.1.php wchtml scp]<br>[http://linuxmanpagesss64.com/ linuxmanpagesvi.html vi] |width="40%"|{{Admon/tip|Online Hands-on Linux Tutorials (recommended)|The following online tutorial will allow you to practice Linux commands that you learned from ULI101 as well as essential shell scripting skills. Login to your '''Matrix''' account, and issue the pathnames to run the online tutorial in Matrix:<br><ul><li>Using the vi Text Editor:<br>'''/home/murray.saul/vi-tutorial'''<br><li>Linux Basics:<br>'''/home/murray.saul/linux-basics'''</li><li>Shell Scripting - Part I (Scripting Basics):<br>'''/home/murray.saul/scripting-1'''</li></ul>|}}

:* Restart the computer, and :'''press the function key F10 to specify the device to boot''' (eg. DVD drive). <u>Host Machine Details:* If the user is prompted for a password, ''</u>'simply press ENTER''' (without typing any password) at the password prompt.:* Choose the DVD drive from the list of devices avalable for boot.:* You will need to perform this technique to ensure that CentOS boots from the hard drive (in future labs).:* If you have tried this technique, and the CentOS Installation DVD does not boot, you may have to burn a new Installation DVD.|}}

<ol> <li value="5">Note the time at the beginning of your installation.</li> <li>Select the option ::*'''Install or upgrade existing systemName:'''. When the Installation DVD boots, it will prompt the user to test the media (i.e. DVD) for integrity. Since time is limited for installation in the lab, select c7host::*'''SKIPBoot media / Installation:'''. On the other hand, if the install did not work, then you can test out the integrity of the CentOS7 Full Install DVD in the computer lab during your spare time.</li> <li>During the install process the user makes selections, then clicks the ::*'''NextMemory:''' button located at the bottom right-hand portion of the screen to continue. Select the default language (English), the default keyboard layout and Basic Storage Devices in the following installation screens.</li>16GB <li>Set your hostname (name of the computer) to '''c6host::*''' (one word, no Disk space, all lowercase).</li> <li>Set your time zone to '''Toronto:'''. Note that the system 250GB (BIOSor higher) clock is set to local time, not UTC.</li> <li>::*'''Root PasswordCPUs:''' enter a password of your own choosing. Pick one that is hard to guess to protect your system. (Recommendation: use the first letter and all the punctuation from a favorite phrase or song verse. For example, "To be or not to be, that is the question!" could become the password "Tbontb,titq!").</li> </ol>1

{| width="40%" align= Part "right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/important |You're supposed to use this hard drive only for this course| But if you really need to use it for two courses, and the professor for the other (probably windows) course will allow it - ask your professor for help with partitioning.}}|- valign="top"|[[Image: Partitioning ==lab2-logbook.png|thumb|right|100px|'''comparison chart''' in lab2 logbook.]]|[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]|}

{{Admon# Refer to this listing of installation screenshots if you need a reference:<br>[ [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/tip |You~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] ]<br># Insert your '''removable SATA hard disk''' into the drive tray.# Set your computer're supposed s drive selector switch to use this hard '''external''' (a.k.a ''position #4'').# Power up the computer and insert the '''CentOS 7 Installation DVD''' into the DVD drive only for this course| But if , then power-off computer.# '''Newer computer models''' are labelled '''HP Z230'''.<br><br>'''NOTES:'''<ul><li>If you really need are using the '''<u>newer</u>''' model, allow the computer to boot up (<u>without</u> pressing F10 key) to boot from DVD.</li><li>Refer to use it for two coursesthe comparison chart in lab2 lab logbook, and the professor fill in various installation information for '''c7host''' while you perform the other installation (probably windowssuch as time it took to perform a full install, installation options, etc) .<br><br></li></ul><ol> <li value="6">Power on the computer again, and after booting from the CD, select from the installation menu: '''Install Centos7'''.<br><br>Note: If you experience unreadable display after you boot into your installed system, you can redo the install, but select from the install menu: ''<u>Troubleshooting</u>'' and then select ''<u>Install in Basic Graphics Mode</u>''.<br><br></li> course <li>Next, you will allow it - ask your professor be prompted for help a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with partitioningsubselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.}}</li>

<ol> <li>If you get a warning with something like "The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This device may contain data" - it's probably your new hard drive and you can safely use itscreen allows the installer to customize their Centos7 system prior to installation.</li> <li>Select Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'Create Custom Layout''', we don't want :<br><br><b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to use the default setup now. If select Toronto area (you are using a hard drive that contains partitions may also select from a previous course (previous version of Linuxthe drop-down menu section), delete all partitions prior to proceeding.</li> <li>On your drive you will need Click the following partitions. These may be primary partitions or logical drives. Remember that <b>DONE</b> button at the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 20 GB = 20000 MB). If you have more space than 250GB available top- you can add the extra space in equal parts left corner to /home finish and /var/lib/libvirt/imagesreturn to the Installation Summary screen.</li> </ul><libr><b>Primary Partitions (ext4)NETWORK & HOSTNAME: </b><ul> <li>'''20GB''' for '''Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</''' (ib>.e. "root")</li> <li>'''30GB''' for At the bottom left-hand corner type the hostname: <b>c7host</homeb> (all lowercase letters)</li> <li>'''100GB''' for '''Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</var/lib/libvirt/images''' b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li> </ul> </libr> <lib>Swap PartitionSOFTWARE SELECTION: </b><ul> <li>'''8GB''' (NoteSelect the software packages labelled: "swap" must be selected from the drop down menu)</lib> Gnome Desktop</ulb></li> </ulli>Click the </lib> DONE<li/b>'''Take time button at the top-left corner to finish and return to carefully verify the partition information'''Installation Summary screen. For example, if the pathname </varli></lib/libvirt/images is misspelled, you would need to redo lab1!.ul><br></li> <li>Record briefly in Although the Centos installtion program can provide suggestions on how to partition your lab logbook what hard disk, you will be customizing partitions for your hard disk. This custom partitioning is important since it will have consequences on future labs that you created of what size and what device names were assigned to them perform (/dev/sda1, etc.especially for lab2).</libr> <libr>After confirming partition settings, click next and select Proceed to '''write changes to diskPart 2'''. The installation program will create and format the to customize your partitions.</li>

== Part 2: Custom Partitioning == {|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/tip|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><olul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li> <li>Accept the default settings to create the Bootloader <b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and click next.Journaling (used in for this lab)</li> <li>Make certain that <b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|550px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}#From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.#In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''DesktopDone''' applications .#The manual partitioning screen should appear.#If you have been selectedused your hard disk for previous Linux (Centos) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and accept click the default settings in remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.#<span style="background-color:yellow">Change the option '''New mount points will use the following partition scheme''' from '''LVM''' to '''additional repositories<u>Standard Partition</u>''' section (at the bottomyou will not be using LVM for your c7host machine)</span>.#Before you proceed with creating partitions, then proceed. You may look at whatlet's available if you choose see the partitions that we need to create for our host computer:<ul><li>Primary Partitions (ext4):<ul><li>'''30GB''' for '''/''' (i.e. "Customize nowroot" but you don)</li><li>'''40GB''' for /home</li><li>'''100GB''' for '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' </li></ul> </li><li>Swap Partition:<ul><li>'''16GB'''t need to customize (Note: "swap" must be selected from the software installed at this point.drop down menu)</li> </ul></li>Add </ul><br>'''NOTE:''' Remember that the sizes are recorded in your lab logbook MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a brief description factor of 1024 to get the term "software repository" and what its major purpose serves correct size.<br> (what you think it doeseg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB'''). <br><br>#We will not now create the root (/) partition. '''Click on the add any existing repositories since we are not currently connected to button (plus) sign'''.<br>#In the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the Internetmount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button. Therefore, we # You will customize return to the repositories laterprevious dialog box.</libr> <lispan style="background-color:yellow">For the '''Proceed with /''' partition, change the installation. This may take some timefile-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4'''. Record in your lab log-book and make certain that the Device Type is set to Standard Partition (<u>generalnot</u> LVM). You need to repeat this procedure for the ''/home'' and ''/var/lib/libvirt/images partitions'' as well)</span>.#Repeat the same steps in above for the '''/home''' partition and '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' partition. You need to type the installation process (displayed ''/var/lib/libvirt/images'' partition since it does not appear in the dialog box)drop-down menu.</li> <li>When installation is complete, a screen will confirm completion#Recheck each of the created partitions, and will then ask make certain that the user file-system type is set to remove ''ext4'' and the DVDDevice Type is set to ''Standard Partition''.#Finally, and reboot the computeradd a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''. Write in #Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab logmonitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceed<br><br><span style="background-book the time it took color:yellow">'''NOTE:''' If there is an error message associated with your created partitions, you may need to perform this DVD installadd a '''/boot/efi''' partition (as a new mount). The capacity should be: 2954MB (i.e. 2,954 MB). Once finished, click '''Done'''.</lispan><br> <libr>Remove #A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the Installation DVD, '''Accept Changes''' and click '''RebootBegin Installation'''in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.#Start timing your host machine installation.</li>

<li>Remember to press F10 when restarting == Part 3: Completing the computer, and select the your SATA drive to boot from your removable hard drive.</li> <li>When the system starts, a one-time setup program will run to add regular user accounts, and to set date and time.</li> <li>Create a user account for yourself using the same user ID as your learn account, and create a suitable password.</li> <li>Set or accept the time and date default. Normally, you would want to enable '''Network Time Protocol''', but since we will be experimenting with the networking turned off in later labs, '''leave it disabled'''.</li> <li>Accept all other defaults (you can ignore the Kdump feature). Finish the post-installation customization and then login to your computer account that you created.</li> <li>Proceed to Investigation 2</li> </ol>Installation ==

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|[[Image:completed.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is complete. You should remove the install DVD and confirm Centos7 boots from your removable hard drive. ]]|}#During the installation process, you will required to create a '''root password'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts for administration access) and questionscreate a '''regular user account'''. Click on '''Root Password''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password and click '''Done''' (you may have to click Done <u>twice</u> if your password is not considered to be a strong password) .#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).#Click '''User Creation''' and enter your lab log book'''full name''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''password''' (and confirm password). Click '''Done''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).#<span style="background-color:yellow">Remember to record this host installation information in the '''installation comparison chart''' in the lab2 logbook</span>.#When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''#Click the Reboot button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that Centos will boot from your hard drive.#After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br>#The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br>#The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br>#Stop timing your installation and note the amount of time that your installation took to perform. Also take the time to fill in the c7host section of the installation comparison chart in your lab2 logbook.#Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.<br><br>

=INVESTIGATION 2: OBTAINING INSTALLED LINUX HOST MACHINE SYSTEM INFORMATION==Turn-Off Screen Saver Lock = Part 1: The administrative account (root)==

For the rest of the tasks in this lab, you must login to your installed CentOS :Your system using your regular user account (not root), open automatically enables a terminal and execute the following listed Linux commands to obtain information for your lab-logbook (lab1). If you get a Permission Denied message when trying to execute a command, then switch to the '''superuser''' account by running the command '''su screen-saver''' and type in your password for "root" (application which you know since you are the main administrator for your system). Once the intended command is executed, type "exit" a useful security tool to exit from the superuser account and return to your regular user accountprevent unauthorized viewing of information on a terminal after a certain amount of inactivity.

{{Admon/important|Using Superuser Privilege|Throughout :If you find this course, you may need feature annoying and want to execute commands using turn it off or adjust the privileges of idle time perform the following steps::*Click on your '''username at the administrative user (username "root", also called top right-hand screen''':*Select '''Settings''' from the "superuser")drop-down menu. To switch from your account to :*Click the root account, type '''Power''' icon located in the command''Settings'' Dialog Box: <code>su</code>*Change the amount of time in the '''Power Saving''' section to '''Never''' or a '''longer period of time''':*Close the ''Settings'' Dialog box.

'''Whenever this is required, make a note of it, and determine why superuser privilege is required<ol><li value="14">Proceed to Investigation 2 to obtain basic information from your newly installed Centos Host machine.'''</li></ol>

When you are finished using the root account type exit to return to your previous account. '''Avoid using the superuser account unless absolutely necessary, because the superuser account has unlimited privilege Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and a typo can destroy questions) in your systemlab log book.'''

==Part 21: Obtaining Package Management / Package Information==

# The With older (ancient) versions of Linux, a user once may have been allowed to login to their graphical Linux system using '''root''' as their user-name of and their root password. This has been determined to be a security risk and that option has been removed with many or all Linux operating systems.#Therefore, from this point onwards, you will be logging into your regular user account instead and issuing a command to login as the ''root'' user. #Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.#Issue the installation log file is command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su </span></code></b> Issue the '''pwd''' and '''whoami''' commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su - </span></rootcode></installb> Issue the '''pwd''' and '''whoami''' commands to confirm your directory pathname.logWhat do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -'''?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code> -- It </b> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file (how can you be sure?) which can be viewed with the <b><code>'''less'''<span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> command.

:: <codeb>'''grep ________________ ________________ | wc -l'''</code><ol> <li valuespan style="3color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">Using the <code>rpm<grep -i packaging /code> command: you can also use the following commands to list all the installed packages, and the total number of packages installed:<var/li><log/ol>:: <code>'''rpm -q -a'''<anaconda/code>:: <code>'''rpm -q -a packaging.log | wc -l'''</codespan>:: </code>'''rpm -qa | wc -l'''</codeb>

<li value="48">The <code>'''-q'''</code> option means queryIssue that command displayed above. Does it work? If not, and the <code>'''-a'''</code> option means all (what account do you think you should be in other words, query all installed software packages). Did ? When you get the same number of packages from command working record this important information regarding commands and the above two methods?admin account in your lab logbook.</li> <li>Some of the files on your system were installed with the software packages, and some were created by system activity (for example, by creating your Learn account and by logging in). If you know the package name (from Using the <code>install.logrpm</code>), command: you can also use the following commands to list all the files that were installed from packages, and the package by using the following commandtotal number of packages installed:</li>

:: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a'''</span></code></b>::<b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a | wc -l package_name'''</span></code><br /b>::<b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">(where rpm -qa | wc -l'''package_name''' represents the name of the ''application'' or ''package'')</span></code></b>

<li value="610">This combines the The <code>'''-q'''</code> (option means query) option with , and the <code>'''-la'''</code> option means all (list filenamesin other words, query all installed software packages) option. Did you get the same number of packages from the above two methods?</li> <li>You can pipe Some of the files on your system were installed with the software packages, and some were created by system activity (for example, by creating your Learn account and by logging in). If you know the outupt through <code>'''wc -l'''</code> to count package name (from the number of lines:</li></ol>:: <code>'''rpm -ql package_name| wc -l'''packaging.log</code><ol> <li value="8">Using what ), you learned in steps 3, 4, and 7, get a count of can list all the total number of files that were installed from the package by all of using the software packages on your system.following command:</li>

<ol><li value="12">Issue the following command to obtain the total number of files installed for gedit:<br><br></li></ol>::<b><code><span style=Part3" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color: System and Networking Information==#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -ql gedit | wc -l</span></code></b>

<livalue="13">To find out the name that Using what you have assigned to your Linux systemlearned in steps 3, 4, enter the command: <code>'''hostname'''</code></li><li>To find out the kernel version of your GNU/Linux workstation and the date it was created7, enter get a count of the command: <code>'''uname -rv'''</code></li><li>To find out total number of files installed by all of the system processes running software packages on your GNU/Linux workstation, enter the command: <code>'''ps -ef'''</code>system.</li><li>To capture How can you explain why this number is a lot larger than the list total number of all the system processes to a file called <code>'''pspackages installed? Record your answer in your lab logbook.lst'''</code>, enter the command: <code>'''ps -ef > ps.lst'''''</code></li>

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/important|Pathname for USB Stick|The default mount location has been changed in linux distributions newer than CentOS. So while we will get '''/media/usb-device-name''', in newer distributions you'll see '''/run/media/userloginid/usb-device-name'''}}|}#To find out the name that you have assigned to your Linux system, enter the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b>#To find out the kernel version of your GNU/Linux workstation and the date it was created, enter the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">uname -rv</span></code><ol/b>#To find out all the system processes running on your GNU/Linux workstation, enter the command: <li valueb><code><span style="13color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">Copy ps -ef</span></code></b>#We will now collect networking information for your installed system.#To check the network configuration settings obtained from the DHCP server, run the following commands, describing the installation output in your log file book:::: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b>::: <b><code>'''<span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">route -n</span></rootcode></installb>:::<b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.log'''2em;">nslookup</span></code> and </b> (at the file ''nslookup'ps.lst''' to a USB memory keyprompt, or enter the word '''scpserver''' and record the output. Type exit to your matrix account as a backupleave nslookup).<ol><li value="8">Find the following information in the output of the above commands:</li></ol>::: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">MAC address<li/span></code></b>View of the section below to learn about and perform an update on your fresh CentOS install ethernet network interface:::<b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">Subnet mask</span></code></b>::: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">The IP address </span></code></b> (you may have assigned to find spare time to perform this install if you are running short on lab timeby the DHCP server)::: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1. '''Do 2em;">The default gateway<u/span>not</ucode></b>::: <b> proceed to Investigation 3 without performing an update'''<code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">The DNS nameserver</lispan></code></b><ol><livalue="9">Run the commands <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b>The CentOS software is updated frequently to add features, fix bugs<b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">uname -rv</span></code></b>, and upgrade security<b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1. Perform a system update to get the latest versions of the packages installed2em;">ps -ef</span></code></b>, <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size: Start the Firefox web browser, turn off popup window blocking (select ''Edit1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b>Preferences'', then select the Content tab and uncheck <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">route -n</span></code></b> redirecting the box output to Block Popups), then login add to SeneNET. Open a terminal and type file in root's home directory called <b><code>su<span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">system.txt</span></code> to start a shell as root</b>. Enter </li><li>Copy the command installation log file <code>yum update'''/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log'''</code> This will download and install all of the packages that have been updated since the installation DVD image was createdfile '''system. If you complete this command at Seneca it should run quite fast as Seneca College hosts txt''' to a CentOS Repository mirror (a copy of all of the current CentOS packagesUSB memory key, on or '''scp''' to your matrix account as a local web server)backup.</li></ol>

{{Admon/tip |Rusty Issuing Linux commands since ULI101?|To be an effective Linux administrator, you need to become comfortable on issuing Linux commands in a shell, and use resources to quickly learn how to properly formulate Linux commands...<br /><br />You can run the following online tutorials to practice (refresh) issuing Linux commands. These tutorials were designed for another course called "OPS435", but you can still use them for practice. Simply open a shell, SSH into the Matrix server (eg. ssh yourusername@matrix.senecac.on.ca) and run the following 4 tutorials (you can copy and paste these separate pathnames and run like a program):<br /><br />'''Answer the Investigation 2 observations /home/ops435/tutorials/tutorial1<br />/home/ops435/tutorials/tutorial2<br />/home/ops435/tutorials/tutorial3<br />/home/ops435/tutorials/vi-tutorialquestions in your lab log book.'''<br /><br />You can also refer to the section above called '''Linux Command Online Reference''' to see how use use the following Linux commands to obtain the required information.}}

== Investigation 3Part 1: What is the network configuration? Disable SELinux and Perform Software Updates==

# Your system may not be automatically connected to Seneca's network. Locate the network icon (on top right-hand panel). Click on that icon, and select '''system eth0'''# Open a web-browser and log into Seneca's wired network. You will need to perform this set every time you start a new session with your computer to perform future labs.#Open a shell terminal.#To check the network configuration settings obtained from the DHCP server, run the following commands, describing the output in your log book==Part 2:#* '''ifconfig'''#* '''route -n'''#* '''nslookup''' Automating Routine Tasks (at the > prompt, enter the word "server" (do not type the quotesShell Scripting) and record the output. Type exit to leave nslookup).# Find the following information in the output of the above commands:#* '''MAC address''' of the ethernet network interface#* '''Subnet mask'''#* '''The IP address''' assigned to you by the DHCP server#* '''The default gateway'''#* '''The DNS nameserver'''==

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/tip|Bash Shell Scripting Tips:|<br><ul><li>'''She-bang line: #!/bin/bash'''Answer <br><br>Shell scripts have evolved of the Investigation past 40 years. To avoid running a newer shell script on an older shell, it is recommended to force running the shell script in the correct shell. In order to do this, on the first line at the very beginning of the shell script, you add the '''#!''' ('''# as in "shhhh" - a comment''', and''' ! is referred to as "bang" run a commmand''': in this case, '''run the command: /bin/bash'''). You can issue the Linux command '''which bash''' to get the correct location. If there is no bash shell on that machine, the shell script will not run (as a precaution - the Linux admin will know how to make a fix to the shell script if required).<br> </li><li>'''Variables:'''<br><br> There are 3 observations types of variables that can be used in shell scripting: '''ENVIRONMENT''' (eg. $USER), '''user-defined''' ($varName), and '''positional parameters''' (eg. $1, $2... containing arguments after shell script or by using set command (eg. '''set $(ls)''' ). Using dollar sign ('''$''') in front of variable expands the value assigned.<br><br></li><li>'''Command Substitution:'''<br><br>A very useful trick to take output from a command to be used as an argument for another command. Examples include:<br>'''file $(ls)'''<br>'''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*'''<br>'''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"'''<br><br><li>'''Logic Control Flow Statements:'''<br><br>The '''test''' command can be used to see if a condition is true or false<br>(i.e. test $USER &#61; "root") . The '''$?''' special shell variable stores the result (zero if true, non-zero if false). Square brackets '''[ ]''' can be used to represent the test command with the condition <u>inside</ questions in your lab log booku> the brackets (spaces separating brackets).Can use '''if''' / '''if-else''' / '''if-elif-else''' statements with brackets. The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value.<br><br>'''<u>Examples</u>'''<br><br>''if [ $USER &#61; "root" ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" >&amp;2''<br>&nbsp;''exit1''<br>''fi''<br><br># For number comparison: use:<br># -gt,-ge, -lt, -le, -eq, -ne<br><br>''if [ $age -gt 65 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "retire"''<br>''else''<br>&nbsp;''echo "don't retire"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li></ul>}}|}You may have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine. Take time to view Shell Scripting Tips which are located on the right-hand side.

== Investigation 4If you require <u>'''additional practice'''</u> in creating shell scripts and using the vi text editor, run the commands in your '''Matrix''' account: SELinux ==<ul><li>'''/home/murray.saul/vi-tutorial'''</li><li>'''/home/murray.saul/scripting-1'''</li></ul>

{{Admon# Make certain to log out of your root account and remain as a regular user.# Open a Shell terminal and use a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vi</span></code></important|SELinux|SELinux stands for '''Securityb> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-Enhanced Linux'''size:1. It is 2em;">nano</span></code></b>) to create a component that helps to better secure the system to protect against intrusion (hackers)Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory. SELinux is enabled upon # Copy and paste the default install of CentOStext below into your vi editing session for your file report. SELinux can be a good thing, if bash<br> (how do you take care of it copy and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you '''disable SELinux by default''' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary.}}paste efficiently in Linux?)<br>

<code style="color:# Disabling SELinux 3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;margin-left:20px;"><br>&#35;!/bin/bash<br><br>&#35; Author: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***<br>&#35; Date: *** CURRENT DATE ***<br>&#35;<br>&#35; Purpose: Creates system info report<br>&#35;<br>&#35; USAGE: ./myreport.bash<br><br>if [ $USER != "root" ] # only runs if logged in as root<br>then<br>&nbsp;echo "You must be logged in as root." >&2<br>&nbsp;exit 1<br>fi<br></code><br><ol><li value="4">Save your editing session, assign the '''myreport.bash''' file read and execute permissions (at least for the owner) and run by typing:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">./myreport.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Did it run? If not what do you think you need to do in order to run the Bash Shell Script?</li><li>Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and run the script from the regular user's home directory (not root's home directory):<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">~regularuserid/myreport.bash</span></code></b></li><li> Did it work?</li><li>Reopen your text-editing session for '''~regularuserid/myreport.bash''' and add the following lines of code to the bottom of the shell script file:</ol><br><code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;">&#35; Create report title<br><br>echo "SYSTEM REPORT" > /root/report.txt<br>echo "Date: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y (%H:%M:%p)')" >> /root/report.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br></code><br><ol><li value="8">Save and run the bash shell script. View the contents of the file called '''report.txt''' that was generated (I hope you are using the up arrow key to issue previously issued commands in order to save time!). Notice how the redirection symbol &gt; is quite simpleused at the beginning of the report, just and then the other redirection symbol &gt;&gt; is used to help "grow" the report with the other content.</li><li>The only remaining content of the report would be the system information. We can use a shell scripting trick called "command substitution" $( .. ) in order place results from an command to be used by another command (like echo). Re-edit the shell script and add the following code at the bottom of the shell script file :</li></ol><br><code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;">echo >> /root/report.txt<br>echo "Hostname: $(hostname)" >> /root/report.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br>echo "Kernel Version: $(uname -rv)" >> /root/report.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br></code><br><ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view the ''report.txt''contents (are you using tip that was given to save time?).</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps aux</span></code></etcb> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</selinuxspan></configcode></b> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember to redirect that output to add to the bottom of the file!</li><li>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.</li><li>What would be the use of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol><ol><li value="14">Here are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform the same task. Although you are not require to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended that you view the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or exmaples.</li><li>The <b><code>wget</code></b> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Verify that the file ''' text-report.bash''' was downloaded to your current directory.</li><li>Assign read and set SELINUX execute permissions for this file by issuing the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">chmod u+rx text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Run this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">./text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Check to disabledsee if it created a report in your current directory.What is the purpose of the report?</li><li>Use the <b>vi</b> text editor to view the contents of the file <b>text-report.bash</b>. Can you understand how this script works?<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command to download, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line:<blockquote><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/report.bash<br>https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/report3.bash</span></code></b></blockquote></li><li>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.</li><li>You have completed lab1. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow the instructions for "lab sign-off".</li></ol>

'''Check off Answer the following items before asking your instructor to check Investigation 3 observations / questions in your lab:log book.'''

= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|500px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]'''Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:'''

* Can login with your ::<span style="learncolor:green;font-size:1.5em;" account name>&#x2713;</span> Output of '''lsblk''' command showing correct partition names and sizes* Has the package count* Has correct ::<span style="color:green;font-size partitions for::* 1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Contents of '''root /etc/fstab''' (20GB), file confirming partitions file types are '''ext4'''::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</homespan> Correct ''' (30GB), IP address'''swapand ''' (8GB):* MAC address'''::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</var/lib/libvirt/imagesspan> ''' Default route (100GBgateway)''':* Hint: Can issue <span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''lsblkDNS name server IP Address''' or ::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Contents of your '''blkidmyreport.bash'''shell script* Has the correct IP address and MAC address* Find out the default route (gateway)* IP ::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> proof of the DNS name server'''yum update''' performed on c7host* Name and contact information ::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''SELinux''' is disabled on your disk pack'''c7host'''* Lag Logbook (::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''lab1) notes filled-''' <u>and</u> '''first column of Comparison Chart inlab2'''.

= Preparing for = Practice For Quizzes , Tests, Midterm &amp; Final Exam ==

# How many users were created automatically on your system (do not count your learn accountregular, admin)?# What is List 2 ways that you can access your learn root account's UID and GID?# What is your learn accountthe difference between the commands '''su''' and '''su -'''s home directory ?