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OPS235 Lab 1

2,189 bytes added, 20:13, 28 December 2019

URL change for lab files.

~~[[Category:OPS235]]~~

=LAB PREPARATION=

[[Image:vmware-1a.png|thumb|right|~~550px~~450px|The VMware Workstation 12 application will allow you to create and administer '''4 different virtual machines''' ('''VM'''s) on your computer system. ]]

===Purpose of Lab 1===

In order to save money and resources when learning to install, to manage, and to connect Linux machines to form networks, we will be using '''Virtual Machines''' for this course. In fact, we will be using two virtual machine programs:

:*'''Lab 1:''' Create a '''~~CentOS7~~ CentOS 7 Host virtual machine''' (called '''c7host''') in the virtual program called '''VMware Workstation''' (this host will be stored on your Solid State External Drive (SSD).

:*'''Lab 2:''' Install a '''Virtual program package''' on your '''~~CentOS7~~ CentOS 7 Host virtual machine''' called '''KVM''' which will be used to create 3 remaining Virtual Machines (VMs) that will be used to learn about Linux system administration for the remainder of this course.

It is ESSENTIAL to have a '''Solid State Drive (SSD) with a minimum storage capacity of 240 GB''' to perform your lab sessions and provide a host for your other ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 host and other VMs that you will create in Lab 2. '''Due to space requirements, you are NOT permitted to share this SSD drive with any other course material than our OPS235 course'''.

'''NOTE: It is feasible to use a notebook computer with sufficient hard disk capacity to perform these labs (as you would for an SSD drive)'''. It would require that your notebook computer can connect to the Internet (including in Seneca's computer labs). You would be required to follow the same instructions for this lab (SSD) Note: It may take one or two weeks before students can obtain their free version of VMware Workstation 12 Pro; therefore, it may be more convenient to purchase an SSD to be able to start lab1 immediately. It is strongly recommended to NOT use VMware Player.

~~~~==Main Objectives~~ ~~===

* '''Correctly install the CentOS 7 FULL INSTALL DVD (c7host)''' on your SSD using '''VMware Workstation'''.

* Note common Linux commands and record them in your lab1 logbook.

* Use '''Shell scripts''' to generate a post-install report for your ~~CentOS7~~ CentOS 7 host VM.

* '''Disable Linux Kernel security enhancements''' to allow easier internal networking connections (to be reactivated in a later lab).

|- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;"

| style="padding-left:15px;" |Package Management

*[https://linux.die.net/man/8/rpm rpm] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/yum.8.html yum]

System Information

*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/hostname.1.html hostname] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/uname.1.html uname] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ps.1.html ps] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html lsblk]

Networking

*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ifconfig.8.html ifconfig] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/route.8.html route] *[http://linux.math.tifr.res.in/manuals/man/nslookup.html nslookup]

| style="padding-left:15px;"|Miscellaneous

*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html grep] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wc.1.html wc] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1.html ls] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/more.1.html more] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/file.1.html file] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wget.1.html wget] *[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmod.1.html chmod] *[https://ss64.com/vi.html vi]| style="padding-left:15px;"|Matrix on-line tutorials <ul><li>Linux Basics: '''/home/~~murray.saul~~ops235/linux-basics'''</li><li>Using the vi Text Editor: '''/home/~~murray.saul~~ops235/vi-tutorial'''</li><li>Shell Scripting - Part I (Scripting Basics): '''/home/~~murray.saul~~ops235/scripting-1'''</li></ul>

|}

=INVESTIGATION 1: ~~CREATE AND INSTALL FIRST VIRTUAL MACHINE~~ Create And Install Your First Virtual Machine (c7host)= ~~In this lab, you will learn how to install your '''Centos Full Install DVD''' as a virtual machine using the '''VMware Workstation''' application.~~

In this lab, you will learn how to install your '''CentOS Full Install DVD''' as a virtual machine using the '''VMware Workstation''' application.

===Part 1: Using VMware Workstation Pro to Create a New Virtual Machine (VM) ===

*'''Name:''' c7host

*'''Boot media / Installation:''' ~~CentOS7~~ CentOS 7 Full Install DVD(image file):::*Download at Seneca College~~: CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file)~~: ~~http~~https://~~belmont~~mirror.senecacollege.ca~~/pub~~/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-~~1804~~1908.iso:::*Download outside Seneca College: http://mirror.~~csclub~~netflash.~~uwaterloo.ca~~net/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-~~1804~~1908.iso

*'''Disk space:''' 238GB

*'''CPUs:''' 2 1 CPU, 4 cores (recommended) [[Image:Format_ExFAT.png|thumb|right|250px|'''Format drive window''' in order to format your new SSD as '''exFAT''' ('''Windows''')]] {{Admon/caution|FORMAT YOUR SSD AS exFAT|'''You ''must'' format your external drive as exFAT.''' By default, most drives will be formatted for NTFS. '''NTFS-formatted drives will cause issues in this course!''' When you plug your drive in, open My Computer, right-click on the new drive, and select ''Format...''.}}

{{Admon/important|Confirm External SSD Device is Recognized as a Drive in Windows Explorer|It is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device with a drive letter on your Windows machine. You may experience problems if you are using the Kingston SSD. If so, then run '''diskmgmt.msc''' in order to create a volume and format your disk1.}}

{{Admon/important|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computer|If you are going to try this lab on your home computer, there are a few things you need to be aware:~~ ~~ <ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have '''16GB''' of RAM. Your home computer should have a sufficient amount of RAM in order to function efficiently.~~ ~~ </li><li>'''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}

Before you can install your ~~Centos~~ CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machine, you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you to install your ~~Centos~~ CentOS operating system.

:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''

# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference: [[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]

# Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''.

# If you haven't already downloaded the ~~CentosOS7~~ CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ~~iso to your USB KEY~~ISO, then download the following link for the ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your ~~USB device~~local computer: ~~http~~ https://~~belmont~~mirror.senecacollege.ca~~/pub~~/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-~~1804~~1810.iso

# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.

# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open ''My Computer'', right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.

# Create a folder called: '''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.

# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.

# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''NOT''' run VMware Player!).

# In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''.

# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''. '''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM ~~the~~ to contain our ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 Linux operating system. This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.

# Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.

# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.

# Select the '''I will install the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.

# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''Virtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''. '''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3). You ~~can~~ can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM. # Select ~~the~~ ~~maximum number of processor~~ 1 CPU, 4 cores ~~your computer supports~~ and click '''Next''' .

# In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.

# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.

# Make certain that your Host VM is '''NOT''' powered on before proceeding!

# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.

# In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'~~click~~', ''' select the ~~checkbox to enable the option to '''Boot with EFI instead of BIOS~~radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to enable '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button.

# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2.

===Part 2: Install ~~Centos~~ CentOS on your Newly-Created VM ===

The next step is to perform a custom installation for your ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 virtual machine using the ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 Full DVD. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application will automatically simulate a "boot" to allow you to complete the installation process to create the ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machine.

:'''Perform the following steps:'''

[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]

# Select from the installation menu: '''Install ~~Centos7~~CentOS 7'''.

# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.

# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 system prior to installation.

# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':

::DATE & TIME:<ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the DONE button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul>

::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.

::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.

::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (~~Centos~~CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.

::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')

<ol><li value="5">We will now create ~~the root (/) partition~~our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''. </li>

<li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li>

<li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and not ''LVM''.</li>

<li> You will return to the previous dialog box. For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM.</li>

<li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li>

<li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li>

<li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li>

<li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''twice''') in order to proceed </li>

|}

<ol><li value="4">When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''</li>

<li>Click the '''Reboot''' button. Your DVD will briefly open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that ~~Centos~~ CentOS will boot from your hard drive.</li><li>After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence). In order to accept the license agreement, Click on '''License Not Accepted''' and graphically accept the license and then click '''FINISH CONFIGURATION''' to finish the installation process. '''NOTE:''' If you have an older version of ~~Centos7~~CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps: Issue the following keystrokes: '''1''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt '''2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement) '''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection) '''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system) </li>

<li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''. </li>

<li>The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul> </li>

'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''

=INVESTIGATION 2: ~~COMMON POST~~Common Post-~~INSTALL TASKS~~Installation Tasks=

{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"

===Managing your Virtual Machine===

In future labs, you will have to run your VMware Workstation application to boot-up your ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 host VM.

Usually, you are NOT required to use this menu (unless you need to "force-off" the c7host7 machine, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from the OS.

{{Admon/caution|Properly Exiting ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 Session and Safely Removing USB Device|It is '''ABSOLUTELY ~~ESSENTIA~~ESSENTIAL'''L that you do '''NOT''' remove your SSD drive during your ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 session. You are required to correctly shutdown your ~~Centos7~~ CentOS 7 host virtual machine as you would with any operating system. Also, you are required to use the '''Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Media''' tool in the system tray on your Windows machine to properly disconnect your SSD device. '''FAILURE TO DO THIS MAY ~~DAMAG#E~~ DAMAGE YOUR HOST VM AND NOW ALLOW IT TO BOOT PROPERLY (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)'''.}}

===Part 1: Turning Off Locked Screen-saver===

#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.

#Issue the command <code>su </code> ~~Issue~~ . This will switch you to the '''~~pwd~~root account''' . From there, issue the <code>pwd</code> and ~~'''~~<code>whoami~~'''~~ </code> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this accountusing the command <code>exit</code>.#Issue the command <code>su - </code> . Issue the ~~'''~~<code>pwd~~'''~~ </code> and ~~'''~~<code>whoami~~'''~~ </code> commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?

# An installation log file called <code>/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</code> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <code>more</code> command.

# You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file:

:: <code>grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l'''</code>

===Part 3: Disable SELinux ~~and Perform Software Updates~~===

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in the real world| It is highly discouraged and unsafe to disable SELinux on a public-facing server. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue.}}

:'''Perform the following Steps:'''

# ~~Disabling SELinux is quite simple~~Make sure you're logged in as root. <code>su -</code># Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/config''': <code>vim /etc/selinux/config</code># In the editing session, set '''SELINUX''' to '''~~disable~~ddisabled''' (from ''enforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <code>sestatus</code> === Part 4: Perform Software Updates=== Running software updates regularly is an important part of keeping your computer secure and stable. On Linux, we use package managers to install software and updates. Package managers not only perform installations, but they keep track of everything that is currently installed on the system for easy management. For CentOS, this manager is called yum. Yum is also the command used. :'''Perform the following steps:''' # Open Terminal.# Login as root: <code>su -</code># Type: <code>yum update</code># Follow the prompts.# If there is a kernel update, reboot your system. (There usually is on a first update after OS installation.)

'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''

=~~== Part 4~~INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ===

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"

|- valign="top"

<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><code>rpm -q -a | wc -l'''</code> <code>rpm -q -a -l | wc -l'''</code> <code>rpm -q -l gedit | wc -l</code></td>

<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in the rpm database. Option '''-q''' is to "query" ~~informationo~~information, option '''-a''' means for all installed packages, option '''-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the application.</td>

</tr>

<ol>

<li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <code>vivim</code> or <code>nano</code>) to create a Bash Shell script called: <code>myreport.bash</code> in your current directory.</li>

<li>Copy and paste the text below into your vi editing session for your file report.bash (how do you copy and paste efficiently in Linux?) </li></ol>

~~echo >> /root/report.txt ~~

echo "Hostname: $(hostname)" >> /root/report.txt

echo >> /root/report.txt

<ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view the ''report.txt'' contents (are you using tip that was given to save time?).</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from the <code>ps aux</code> and <code>ifconfig</code> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember to redirect that output to add to the bottom of the file!</li><li>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.</li><li>What would be the use of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol>

<ol><li value="14">Here are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform the same task. Although you are not require to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended that you view the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or ~~exmaples~~examples.</li><li>The <code>wget</code> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internet. Issue the following command: <code>wget https://~~scs~~ict.~~senecac.on~~senecacollege.ca/~~~murray.saul~~ops235/labs/text-report.bash</code></li><li>Verify that the file '''text-report.bash''' was downloaded to your current directory.</li><li>Assign read and execute permissions for this file by issuing the command: <code>chmod u+rx text-report.bash</code></li><li>Run this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: <code>./text-report.bash</code></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of the report?</li><li>Use the vi text editor to view the contents of the file text-report.bash. Can you understand how this script works? </li><li>Use the <code>wget</code> command to download, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line: <code>https://~~scs~~ict.~~senecac.on~~senecacollege.ca/~~~murray.saul~~ops235/labs/report.bash  https://~~scs.senecac~~ict.onsenecacollege.ca/~~~murray.saul~~ops235/labs/report3.bash</code> </li><li>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.</li><li>You have completed lab1. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow the instructions for "lab sign-off".</li></ol>

'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''

# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <code>su -</code> and enter root's password.

# Change to the '''/root/bin''' directory.

#Download the checking script by issuing the following Linux command: <code>wget ~~http~~https://~~matrix~~ict.~~senecac.on~~senecacollege.ca/~~~murray.saul~~ops235/~~ops235~~labs/lab1-check.bash</code> # Give that downloaded shell script file execute permissions (for the file owner). '''FYI:''' Your ~~this~~ checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su -'''" instead of just "'''su'''".

# Run the shell script and if any warnings, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" message.

#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:

::✓ Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all  OK  messages)

::✓ Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #2829''')

::✓ '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for:

:::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and '''DNS name server IP Address'''

[[Category:OPS235]]

[[Category:OPS235 Labs]]

[[Category:CentOS 7]]

[[Category:SSD2]]

Chris.johnson

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