Difference between revisions of "6502"
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| − | [[Category:SPO600]][[Category:Computer Architecture]][[Category: | + | [[Category:SPO600]][[Category:Computer Architecture]][[Category:6502]][[Image:MOS_6502_1.jpg|thumb|400px|right|The MOS 6502 processor. Image credit: Christian Bassow - [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 CC-BY-SA 4.0] ]]The MOS Technologies 6502 processor was introduced in the mid-1970s to fill the need for a affordable general-purpose CPU. Its low cost (US$25 at introduction, less than C$0.89 now) was less than one-sixth of competing CPUs, and it had very simple circuitry requirements which made it simple and inexpensive to incorporate it into products. The 6502 (or a slight variation) was therefore used in many home and personal computers, such as the Apple II; the Commodore PET, Vic-20, and C64; the Atari 400 and 800; the BBC Micro; and games such as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), Atari 5200, and Atari 6200. A number of variations of this processor have been produced, using different semiconductor processes, integrated peripherals, instruction and data-width extensions, and pinouts. Several different versions are still in production for various embedded applications, and it remains a popular chip for homebrew system builders. |
| + | |||
| + | {{Admon/tip|Hex notation - $XX|In most 6502 documentation, including this page, the <code>$</code> prefix indicates hexadecimal notation. On other systems, this may be designated by a <code>0x</code> prefix.}} | ||
== Memory == | == Memory == | ||
| − | The 6502 | + | The 6502 is an 8-bit processor with a 16-bit address bus. It is therefore able to access 64 kilobytes (2<sup>16</sup> bytes). Since each 16-bit address is comprised of two 8-bit bytes, memory can be viewed as 256 pages of 256 bytes each. |
| − | Each pointer in memory is stored in two consecutive memory locations, with the lowest-value byte stored first; this is known as [[Endian#Little-Endian|Little Endian]] order. Thus, a pointer at memory location $ | + | Each pointer in memory is stored in two consecutive memory locations, with the lowest-value byte stored first; this is known as [[Endian#Little-Endian|Little Endian]] order. Thus, a pointer at memory location $0010, which points to memory location $ABCD, would be stored like this: |
| − | Memory $ | + | Memory $0010: $CD |
| − | Memory $ | + | Memory $0011: $AB |
Some pages have special, pre-defined purposes: | Some pages have special, pre-defined purposes: | ||
| Line 16: | Line 18: | ||
||00||Zero Page||$0000||$00FF||Variables requiring fast access | ||00||Zero Page||$0000||$00FF||Variables requiring fast access | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ||01||Stack||$0100||$01FF||Values are pushed to, and pulled (popped) from, this region in first-in last-out ( | + | ||01||Stack||$0100||$01FF||Values are pushed to, and pulled (popped) from, this region in first-in last-out (FILO) order. The stack descends as it is used - more recently-pushed values are stored at lower addresses than older values. The stack wraps around, so if more than 256 bytes are pushed, the oldest values will be overwritten. |
|- | |- | ||
| − | ||FF||Vector Table||$FF00||$FFFF||The last 6 bytes of this page contain | + | ||FF||Vector Table||$FF00||$FFFF||The last 6 bytes of this page contain three 2-byte addresses. $FE contains a pointer to code which is run when an interrupt request is received; $FC contains a pointer to code which is run when the CPU is reset (including when it is first started); and $FA contains a pointer to code which is run when a non-maskable interrupt (NMI) is received. (Note that the 6502 BRK instruction is counted as an NMI, and the B status flag can be used to determine if a hardware NMI or BRK instruction was received). |
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | In addition, each system built using the 6502 would have hardware devices, such as the video system, keyboard, and communication interfaces, occupying a portion of the address space. | ||
== Registers == | == Registers == | ||
| Line 30: | Line 34: | ||
* Program Counter (PC) - a pointer to the currently-executing instruction in memory. | * Program Counter (PC) - a pointer to the currently-executing instruction in memory. | ||
* Stack Pointer (S or SP) - a pointer to the current position in the stack | * Stack Pointer (S or SP) - a pointer to the current position in the stack | ||
| − | * Processor Status (P) - a collection of bits which indicate or control aspects of the processor mode and status: | + | * Processor Status (P or PS) - a collection of bits (flags) which indicate or control aspects of the processor mode and status: |
| − | ** C - Carry - Used to | + | ** C - Carry - Used to carry or borrow during addition and subtraction operations. If set (=1) at the start of an add-with-carry (ADC) operation, an additional 1 will be added to the result; if cleared (=0) at the start of a subtract-with-carry instruction (SBC), an additional 1 will be subtracted from the result. This flag will be set or cleared to indicate if an (unsigned) addition overflowed (result > 255) or the (unsigned) subtraction underflowed (result < 0) |
| − | ** Z - Zero flag - indicates that an operation produced a zero or equal result | + | ** Z - Zero flag - indicates that an operation produced a zero result. Since comparison instructions (CMP, CPX, CPY for comparisions involving the A, X, or Y registers respectively) are actually subtractions, comparing two equal numbers by subtraction will result in a zero value, setting this flag. |
** I - Interrupt disable | ** I - Interrupt disable | ||
** D - Decimal mode - bytes are interpreted as two-digit decimal values instead of 8-bit binary values when doing math | ** D - Decimal mode - bytes are interpreted as two-digit decimal values instead of 8-bit binary values when doing math | ||
| − | ** B - Break - Indicates a software interrupt rather than a hardware | + | ** B - Break - Indicates a software interrupt (BRK instruction) has caused a non-maskable interrupt (NMI), rather than a hardware NMI. |
| − | ** V - Overflow - Set when a math operation overflows a one-byte result | + | ** V - Overflow - Set when a math operation overflows (result > 127) or underflows (result < -128) a one-byte signed result |
| − | ** | + | ** N - Negative Sign - set when an operation produces a negative result (bit 7 is set in the result) |
| + | |||
| + | == Instruction Set == | ||
| + | |||
| + | The 6502 instruction set consist of a number of single-byte [[OpCode|opcodes]], each of which is followed by 0, 1, or 2 bytes of arguments. Each opcode corresponded to an [[Instruction|instruction]], which consists of an [[Operation|operation]] and an [[6502 Addressing Modes|addressing mode]]. 6502 [[Assembly Language]] uses 3-letter mnemonics to specify the operation, and argument syntax to specify the addressing mode. For example: | ||
| + | |||
| + | LDA #$05 ; load the accumulator with the number 5 | ||
| + | LDA $05 ; load the accumulator with the contents of memory location $05 in the zero page ($0005) | ||
| + | LDA $f005 ; load the accumulator with the contents of memory location $f005 | ||
| + | |||
| + | See the references (below) for the full details of the 6502 instruction set. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == 6502 Emulator == | ||
| + | |||
| + | Since 6502 systems are no longer very common, a web-based [[6502 Emulator]] is available for assembling, testing, and debugging 6502 Assembly code. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Resources == | ||
| + | * [http://6502.cdot.systems 6502.cdot.systems], the 6502 emulator we use in this course | ||
| + | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502 Wikipedia entry for 6502] | ||
| + | * [http://6502.org/ 6502.org] | ||
| + | * [http://www.visual6502.org/ Visual 6502] - a project to physically disassemble and analyze the 6502 chip, including photographs of the chip die and a visual simulation of voltages on the chip | ||
| + | * [https://skilldrick.github.io/easy6502/ Easy 6502] (tutorial using an earlier version of the 6502 emulator we use in this course) | ||
| + | * [http://www.6502.org/tutorials/6502opcodes.html 6502 Opcodes with Register Definitions] | ||
| + | * [https://www.masswerk.at/6502/6502_instruction_set.html 6502 Opcodes with Detailed Operation Information] | ||
| + | * [https://www.pagetable.com/c64ref/6502/?tab=2 6502 instructions via the "Ultimate Commodore 64 Reference" site] | ||
| + | * [https://monster6502.com/ MOnSter 6502] - a large-scale, transistor-level implementation of the 6502, with lots of LEDs! | ||
Latest revision as of 01:33, 11 September 2023
The MOS 6502 processor. Image credit: Christian Bassow - CC-BY-SA 4.0
Hex notation - $XX
In most 6502 documentation, including this page, the
In most 6502 documentation, including this page, the
$ prefix indicates hexadecimal notation. On other systems, this may be designated by a 0x prefix.Memory
The 6502 is an 8-bit processor with a 16-bit address bus. It is therefore able to access 64 kilobytes (216 bytes). Since each 16-bit address is comprised of two 8-bit bytes, memory can be viewed as 256 pages of 256 bytes each.
Each pointer in memory is stored in two consecutive memory locations, with the lowest-value byte stored first; this is known as Little Endian order. Thus, a pointer at memory location $0010, which points to memory location $ABCD, would be stored like this:
Memory $0010: $CD Memory $0011: $AB
Some pages have special, pre-defined purposes:
| Page | Name | Starting address | Ending address | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 00 | Zero Page | $0000 | $00FF | Variables requiring fast access |
| 01 | Stack | $0100 | $01FF | Values are pushed to, and pulled (popped) from, this region in first-in last-out (FILO) order. The stack descends as it is used - more recently-pushed values are stored at lower addresses than older values. The stack wraps around, so if more than 256 bytes are pushed, the oldest values will be overwritten. |
| FF | Vector Table | $FF00 | $FFFF | The last 6 bytes of this page contain three 2-byte addresses. $FE contains a pointer to code which is run when an interrupt request is received; $FC contains a pointer to code which is run when the CPU is reset (including when it is first started); and $FA contains a pointer to code which is run when a non-maskable interrupt (NMI) is received. (Note that the 6502 BRK instruction is counted as an NMI, and the B status flag can be used to determine if a hardware NMI or BRK instruction was received). |
In addition, each system built using the 6502 would have hardware devices, such as the video system, keyboard, and communication interfaces, occupying a portion of the address space.
Registers
There are three general-purpose registers:
- Accumulator (A) - the main register for math operations.
- X Index (X) - a register which can be used for limited math operations as well as indexed addressing modes, where an index value is added to a base address for memory operations.
- Y Index (Y) - a register similar to the X register. Some index operations may only be performed with a specific index register (X or Y, but not interchangeably).
There are also three special-purpose registers:
- Program Counter (PC) - a pointer to the currently-executing instruction in memory.
- Stack Pointer (S or SP) - a pointer to the current position in the stack
- Processor Status (P or PS) - a collection of bits (flags) which indicate or control aspects of the processor mode and status:
- C - Carry - Used to carry or borrow during addition and subtraction operations. If set (=1) at the start of an add-with-carry (ADC) operation, an additional 1 will be added to the result; if cleared (=0) at the start of a subtract-with-carry instruction (SBC), an additional 1 will be subtracted from the result. This flag will be set or cleared to indicate if an (unsigned) addition overflowed (result > 255) or the (unsigned) subtraction underflowed (result < 0)
- Z - Zero flag - indicates that an operation produced a zero result. Since comparison instructions (CMP, CPX, CPY for comparisions involving the A, X, or Y registers respectively) are actually subtractions, comparing two equal numbers by subtraction will result in a zero value, setting this flag.
- I - Interrupt disable
- D - Decimal mode - bytes are interpreted as two-digit decimal values instead of 8-bit binary values when doing math
- B - Break - Indicates a software interrupt (BRK instruction) has caused a non-maskable interrupt (NMI), rather than a hardware NMI.
- V - Overflow - Set when a math operation overflows (result > 127) or underflows (result < -128) a one-byte signed result
- N - Negative Sign - set when an operation produces a negative result (bit 7 is set in the result)
Instruction Set
The 6502 instruction set consist of a number of single-byte opcodes, each of which is followed by 0, 1, or 2 bytes of arguments. Each opcode corresponded to an instruction, which consists of an operation and an addressing mode. 6502 Assembly Language uses 3-letter mnemonics to specify the operation, and argument syntax to specify the addressing mode. For example:
LDA #$05 ; load the accumulator with the number 5 LDA $05 ; load the accumulator with the contents of memory location $05 in the zero page ($0005) LDA $f005 ; load the accumulator with the contents of memory location $f005
See the references (below) for the full details of the 6502 instruction set.
6502 Emulator
Since 6502 systems are no longer very common, a web-based 6502 Emulator is available for assembling, testing, and debugging 6502 Assembly code.
Resources
- 6502.cdot.systems, the 6502 emulator we use in this course
- Wikipedia entry for 6502
- 6502.org
- Visual 6502 - a project to physically disassemble and analyze the 6502 chip, including photographs of the chip die and a visual simulation of voltages on the chip
- Easy 6502 (tutorial using an earlier version of the 6502 emulator we use in this course)
- 6502 Opcodes with Register Definitions
- 6502 Opcodes with Detailed Operation Information
- 6502 instructions via the "Ultimate Commodore 64 Reference" site
- MOnSter 6502 - a large-scale, transistor-level implementation of the 6502, with lots of LEDs!
