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*The begin statement spawns a thread of execution that is independent of the current (main) thread of execution.
writeln("1: ### The begin statement ###");
begin writeln("1: output from spawned task");
*The cobegin statement can be used to spawn a block of tasks, one for each statement.
writeln("2: ### The cobegin statement ###");
const r = 1..10, // 1, 2, 3, ..., 10
r2 = 0..n, // 0, 1, 2, ..., n
r3 = lo-3..hi3; // -3, -2, -1, ..., 3=== Domain ===A domain is a first-class representation of an index set used to specify iteration spaces, define arrays, and aggregate operations such as slicing. var RD: domain(3) = {1..n, 1..n, 1..n};*The expand method returns a new domain that is expanded or contracted depending on the sign of the offset argument.*The exterior method returns a new domain that is the exterior portion of the current domain.*The interior method returns a new domain that is the interior portion of the current domain.*The translate method returns a new domain that is the current domain translated by the offset.*A subdomain is a domain that is declared in terms of a parent domain, causing it to have the same type as their parent. A subdomain represents a subset of its parent domain’s index set, though this constraint is not currently enforced by the implementation.=== Array ===Arrays in Chapel are specified using a square-bracketed expression that specifies the array’s index set, followed by the array’s element type. config const n = 5;=== Forall loop ===The forall loop is a way to leverage data parallelism or engage user-defined parallel iterators. config const n = 5; var A: [1..n] real; forall i in 1..n { A[i] = i; }== Library Utilities ===== File I/O === config var n = 9, filename = "Arr.dat"; config const num = 128*1024; config const example = 0; config const testfile = "test.bin"; config const epsilon = 10e-13; use FileSystem; use IO;It initializes an array and writes its size and data to a file. It then opens the file, uses the size in the file to declare a new domain and array, and reads in the array data. if example == 0 || example == 1 { // Create a domain of the specified problem size. const ADom = {1..n, 1..n}; // Create and initialize an array of the specified size. var A: [ADom] real = [(i,j) in ADom] i + j/10.0; // Write the problem size and array out to the specified filename. writeSquareArray(n, A, filename); // Read an array in from the specified filename, storing in a new variable, B. var B = readArray(filename); // Print out B as a debugging step. writeln("B is:\n", B); // Verify that the values in A and B are within tolerance. const numErrors = + reduce [i in ADom] (abs(A(i) - B(i)) > epsilon); if (numErrors > 0) { writeln("FAILURE"); } else { writeln("SUCCESS"); } }This procedure writes a square array out to a file. proc writeSquareArray(n, X, filename) { // Create and open an output file with the specified filename in write mode. var outfile = open(filename, iomode.cw); var writer = outfile.writer(); // Write the problem size in each dimension to the file. writer.writeln(n, " ", n); // Write out the array itself. writer.write(X); // Close the file. writer.close(); outfile.close(); } This procedure reads a new array out of a file and returns it. proc readArray(filename) { // Open an input file with the specified filename in read mode. var infile = open(filename, iomode.r); var reader = infile.reader(); // Read the number of rows and columns in the array in from the file. var m = reader.read(int), n = reader.read(int); // Declare an array of the specified dimensions. var X: [1..m, 1..n] real; // Read in the array (row-major order is used for whole-array reads // like this). reader.read(X); // Close the file. reader.close(); infile.close(); // Return the array. return X; }=== List ===The Chapel List module provides the implementation of the list type. Lists are useful for building up and iterating over a collection of values in a structured manner. private use List; config const quiet: bool = false;*The append() method appends the following element into the array.*The sort() method sorts the list in ascending order.*The pop() method pops the element at the specified index.*The clear() clears all elements from the list.*The indexOf() retrieves the index of the value specified, returns -1 if not found.*The insert() method inserts the value at the specified index.=== Timer ===The Chapel allows user to use Timer from the timer module. use Time; /* Create a Timer t */ var t: Timer; t.start(); writeln(“Operation start”); sleep(5); writeln(“Operation end”); t.stop(); /* return time in milliseconds that was recorded by the timer */ writeln(t.elapsed(TimeUnits.milliseconds)); t.clear(); = Presentation =*video: https://seneca-my.sharepoint.com/:v:/g/personal/lhuangtang_myseneca_ca/EWl4yNsl02ZGo-b2btiJO8kBNQ_yR2WF124CGAvtbQB0dQ?e=2CD3TR*PowerPoint: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1ZIANDNRD1rRb_WYuBxX2kxDzAqaIm_kI/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=117424265169520381830&rtpof=true&sd=true
= Reference =